Jimenez-Guri Eva, Roberts Katherine E, García Francisca C, Tourmente Maximiliano, Longdon Ben, Godley Brendan J
Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter Cornwall Campus, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom.
Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dhorn, Naples, Italy.
PeerJ. 2021 May 7;9:e11369. doi: 10.7717/peerj.11369. eCollection 2021.
Plastic pollution affects all ecosystems, and detrimental effects to animals have been reported in a growing number of studies. However, there is a paucity of evidence for effects on terrestrial animals in comparison to those in the marine realm.
We used the fly to study the effects that exposure to plastics may have on life history traits and immune response. We reared flies in four conditions: In media containing 1% virgin polyethylene, with no chemical additives; in media supplemented with 1% or 4% polyvinyl chloride, known to have a high content of added chemicals; and control flies in non-supplemented media. Plastic particle size ranged from 23-500 µm. We studied fly survival to viral infection, the length of the larval and pupal stage, sex ratios, fertility and the size of the resultant adult flies. We then performed crossings of F1 flies in non-supplemented media and looked at the life history traits of the F2.
Flies treated with plastics in the food media showed changes in fertility and sex ratio, but showed no differences in developmental times, adult size or the capacity to fight infections in comparison with controls. However, the offspring of treated flies reared in non-supplemented food had shorter life cycles, and those coming from both polyvinyl chloride treatments were smaller than those offspring of controls.
塑料污染影响着所有生态系统，越来越多的研究报告了其对动物的有害影响。然而，与海洋领域相比，关于对陆地动物影响的证据却很少。
我们使用果蝇来研究接触塑料可能对生活史特征和免疫反应产生的影响。我们在四种条件下饲养果蝇：在含有1%纯聚乙烯且无化学添加剂的培养基中；在添加了1%或4%聚氯乙烯的培养基中，已知聚氯乙烯含有高含量的添加化学物质；以及在未添加任何物质的培养基中饲养对照果蝇。塑料颗粒大小范围为23 - 500微米。我们研究了果蝇在病毒感染后的存活率、幼虫和蛹期的长度、性别比例、繁殖力以及成年果蝇的大小。然后我们让F1果蝇在未添加任何物质的培养基中杂交，并观察F2的生活史特征。
在食物培养基中用塑料处理的果蝇在繁殖力和性别比例上出现了变化，但与对照相比，发育时间、成年果蝇大小或抵抗感染的能力没有差异。然而，在未添加任何物质的食物中饲养的经处理果蝇的后代生命周期较短，并且来自两种聚氯乙烯处理的果蝇后代比对照的后代体型更小。
