Vaca Federico E, Li Kaigang, Fell James C, Haynie Denise L, Simons-Morton Bruce, Romano Eduardo
Department of Emergency Medicine, Developmental Neurocognitive Driving Simulation Research Center (DrivSim Lab), Yale University School of Medicine.
Department of Health & Exercise Science, Colorado State University.
J Transp Health. 2021 Jun;21. doi: 10.1016/j.jth.2021.101068. Epub 2021 Apr 16.
Some of the most vulnerable groups of teens choose to delay driving licensure (DDL). We assessed longitudinal associations between state-level Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) restrictions and DDL among U.S. high school students.
Data from seven waves of the NEXT Generation Health Study (starting 10-grade (2009-2010)), were analyzed in 2020 using Poisson regression. The outcome was DDL (delay vs. no-delay). Independent variables were driving restrictions (at learner and intermediate phases of licensure), sex, race/ethnicity, family affluence, parent education, family structure, and urbanicity.
Of 2525 eligible for licensure, 887 (38.9%), 1078 (30.4%), 560 (30.7%) reported DDL 1-2 years, >2 years, no DDL, respectively. Interactions between GDL restrictions during the learner permit period and covariates were found. In states requiring ≥30 hours of supervised practice driving, Latinos (Adjusted relative risk ratio [aRRR]=1.55, p<.001) and Blacks (aRRR=1.38, p<.01) were more likely to DDL than Whites. In states where permit holding periods were <6 months, participants with low (aRRR=1.61, p<.001) and moderate (aRRR=1.45, p<.001) vs. high affluence were more likely to DDL. Participants in single-parent households vs. both-biological parent households were also more likely to DDL (aRRR=1.37, p<.05). In states where permit holding periods were ≥6 months, participants with low (aRRR=1.33, p<.05) vs. high affluence were more likely to DDL. In states that allowed ≥3 passengers or no passenger restriction, participants living in non-urban vs. urban (aRRR=1.52, p<.05) areas were more likely to DDL, and in states that allowed only 1 or no passenger, participants living in non-urban vs. urban areas (aRRR=0.67, p<.001) were less likely to DDL.
Our findings heighten concerns about increased crash risk among older teens who age out of state GDL policies thereby circumventing driver safety related restrictions. Significant disparities in DDL exist among more vulnerable teens in states with stricter GDL driving restrictions.
一些最易受影响的青少年群体选择推迟获得驾驶执照（DDL）。我们评估了美国高中学生中，州级分级驾驶员执照（GDL）限制与DDL之间的纵向关联。
使用泊松回归分析了2020年来自下一代健康研究七波数据（始于10年级（2009 - 2010年））。结果变量是DDL（推迟与未推迟）。自变量包括驾驶限制（在执照学习和中级阶段）、性别、种族/族裔、家庭富裕程度、父母教育程度、家庭结构和城市化程度。
在2525名符合执照获取条件的学生中，分别有887名（38.9%）、1078名（30.4%）、560名（30.7%）报告1 - 2年、超过2年、未推迟获得驾驶执照。发现学习许可证期间的GDL限制与协变量之间存在相互作用。在要求至少30小时监督练习驾驶的州，拉丁裔（调整后相对风险比[aRRR]=1.55，p<.001）和黑人（aRRR=1.38，p<.01）比白人更有可能推迟获得驾驶执照。在许可证持有期少于6个月的州，低（aRRR=1.61，p<.001）和中等（aRRR=1.45，p<.001）富裕程度的参与者比高富裕程度的参与者更有可能推迟获得驾驶执照。单亲家庭的参与者比双亲亲生家庭的参与者也更有可能推迟获得驾驶执照（aRRR=1.37，p<.05）。在许可证持有期至少6个月的州，低富裕程度（aRRR=1.33，p<.05）的参与者比高富裕程度的参与者更有可能推迟获得驾驶执照。在允许搭载至少3名乘客或无乘客限制的州，居住在非城市地区与城市地区的参与者（aRRR=1.52，p<.05）更有可能推迟获得驾驶执照，而在只允许搭载1名乘客或无乘客的州，居住在非城市地区与城市地区的参与者（aRRR=0.67，p<.001）推迟获得驾驶执照的可能性较小。
我们的研究结果加剧了对年龄超过州GDL政策从而规避与驾驶员安全相关限制的大龄青少年撞车风险增加的担忧。在GDL驾驶限制更严格的州，更易受影响的青少年在推迟获得驾驶执照方面存在显著差异。
