Costa Taline, Murara Pedro, Vancini Rodrigo Luiz, de Lira Claudio Andre Barbosa, Andrade Marilia Santos
Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
J Hum Kinet. 2021 Mar 31;78:67-77. doi: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0029. eCollection 2021 Mar.
The present study compared the evolution of strength and muscle mass in swimmers of both sexes across different chronological and biological ages. Seventy-six swimmers (55 males and 21 females) from 10 to 20 years of age underwent evaluations of sexual maturation using the developmental stage of the genitals (G1, G2, G3 G4 and G5) and pubic hair (P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5) (Tanner criteria), lean mass using the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method, and isokinetic strength of the knee extensor muscles. Boys did not present a significant difference in strength among G1, G2, and G3 (p > 0.05) nor between 10 and 13 years of age (p > 0.05), although significant differences in strength of the extensor (p = 0.038) muscles of the knee were found between G3 and G4 and between athletes of 10 and 14 years of age (extensor muscles, p = 0.033). Muscle mass was different between G3 and G4 (p = 0.003) and between 10 and 14 years of age (p = 0.020). The mean age of boys in the G4 pubertal stage was 13.7 ± 2.0 years, although from 12 to 16 years of age, boys are typically in the G4 stage. Girls showed no significant differences in strength nor muscle mass among the pubertal stages (p > 0.05). We conclude that by equating boys by chronological age, individuals with different pubertal development levels, muscle mass, and strength levels can be grouped. Therefore, the relationship between the level of pubertal deve-lopment and chronological age seems to be a useful strategy for grouping boys, while grouping girls by chronological age seems adequate for training and competition.
本研究比较了不同实际年龄和生物年龄的男女游泳运动员力量和肌肉量的发展情况。76名年龄在10至20岁的游泳运动员（55名男性和21名女性）采用生殖器发育阶段（G1、G2、G3、G4和G5）和阴毛发育阶段（P1、P2、P3、P4和P5）（坦纳标准）进行性成熟评估，采用双能X线吸收法评估瘦体重，并评估膝伸肌的等速力量。男孩在G1、G2和G3阶段之间的力量没有显著差异（p>0.05），在10至13岁之间也没有显著差异（p>0.05），尽管在G3和G4阶段之间以及10至14岁的运动员之间发现膝伸肌力量存在显著差异（伸肌，p = 0.033）。G3和G4阶段之间以及10至14岁之间的肌肉量存在差异（p = 0.003和p = 0.020）。处于G4青春期阶段的男孩平均年龄为13.7±2.0岁，不过12至16岁的男孩通常处于G4阶段。女孩在青春期各阶段的力量和肌肉量均无显著差异（p>0.05）。我们得出结论，按实际年龄对男孩进行分组时，可将青春期发育水平、肌肉量和力量水平不同的个体归为一组。因此，青春期发育水平与实际年龄之间的关系似乎是对男孩进行分组的有效策略，而按实际年龄对女孩进行分组似乎足以满足训练和比赛的需求。
