Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Curr Biol. 2021 May 24;31(10):R667-R680. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.031.
The generation of organismal form - morphogenesis - arises from forces produced at the cellular level. In animal cells, much of this force is produced by the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we review how mechanisms of actin-based force generation are deployed during animal morphogenesis to sculpt organs and organisms. Furthermore, we consider how cytoskeletal forces are coupled through cell adhesions to propagate across tissues, and discuss cases where cytoskeletal force or adhesion is patterned across a tissue to direct shape changes. Together, our review provides a conceptual framework that reflects our current understanding of animal morphogenesis and gives perspectives on future opportunities for study.
生物体形态的产生——形态发生——源于细胞水平产生的力。在动物细胞中，这种力的大部分是由肌动蛋白细胞骨架产生的。在这里，我们回顾了在动物形态发生过程中，基于肌动蛋白的力产生机制是如何被用来塑造器官和生物体的。此外，我们还考虑了细胞骨架力如何通过细胞黏附连接在组织中传播，并讨论了细胞骨架力或黏附力在组织中被模式化以指导形状变化的情况。总的来说，我们的综述提供了一个概念框架，反映了我们目前对动物形态发生的理解，并为未来的研究提供了视角。
