Department of Civil Engineering, Maragheh Branch of Islamic Azad University, Maragheh, Iran.
Environ Monit Assess. 2021 May 29;193(6):368. doi: 10.1007/s10661-021-09142-7.
In arid and semi-arid areas with limited surface water resources, the daily life and the growth of various economic sectors depend on the provision of services by the groundwater ecosystem. In many countries, groundwater is the main source of freshwater. In addition, groundwater plays an important role within the water cycle, and as such, it feeds and sustains groundwater-dependent ecosystems (such as rivers and wetlands). Therefore, sustainable management of groundwater resources is necessary. Groundwater footprint indicator is a useful tool for assessing the sustainable use of groundwater resources and its associated ecosystem services. In this paper, the sustainable use of groundwater in 28 main alluvial aquifer systems of West Azarbaijan province in the west of Lake Urmia-Northwest of Iran has been investigated by the groundwater footprint indicator. In order to assess the aquifers' water quality sustainability for agricultural use, the integrated groundwater footprint indicator developed by Kourgialas et al. (2018)-based on GIS spatial analysis-has been used. This assessment can help water sector managers in adopting policies and measures to the sustainable management of the alluvial aquifer system. Due to the availability of sufficient data for all aquifers in 2011, the calculations were performed only for this year. The results showed that no aquifer has a sustainable use of groundwater resources. Also, 16 aquifers do not have qualitative sustainability due to salinity pollution. The results of implementing three applicable policy options to improve the quantitative and qualitative sustainability of aquifers showed that it is possible to change quantitative sustainability all aquifers, but improving qualitative sustainability is possible only in three aquifers.
在地表水资 源有限的干旱和半干旱地区，日常生活和各经济部门的发展都依赖于地下水生态系统提供的服务。在许多国家，地下水是淡水资源的主要来源。此外，地下水在水循 环中起着重要作用，因此它为依赖地下水的生态系统（如河流和湿地）提供了养分和支持。因此，有必要对地下水资源进行可持续管理。地下水足迹指标是评估地下 水资源可持续利用及其相关生态系统服务的有用工具。本文利用地下水足迹指标，对伊朗西北部乌尔米亚湖以西的西阿塞拜疆省 28 个主要冲积含水层系统的地下 水可持续利用进行了研究。为了评估含水层用于农业的水质可持续性，采用了 Kourgialas 等人（2018 年）基于 GIS 空间分析开发的综合地下水足迹指标 进行评估。这一评估可以帮助水资源部门的管理者采取政策和措施，实现对冲积含水层系统的可持续管理。由于 2011 年所有含水层都有足够的数据，因此只对该年进 行了计算。结果表明，没有一个含水层的地下水资源可以可持续利用。此外，由于盐污染，有 16 个含水层没有水质可持续性。为了提高含水层的定量和定性可持续性而实施的三种可行政策方案的结果表明，改变所有含水层的定量可持续性是可能的，但只有在三个含水层中才有可能提高定性可持续性。
