Cheng Zhe, Li Maoyu, Dey Raja, Chen Yongheng
Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
J Hematol Oncol. 2021 May 31;14(1):85. doi: 10.1186/s13045-021-01096-0.
Cancer is a disease with complex pathological process. Current chemotherapy faces problems such as lack of specificity, cytotoxicity, induction of multi-drug resistance and stem-like cells growth. Nanomaterials are materials in the nanorange 1-100 nm which possess unique optical, magnetic, and electrical properties. Nanomaterials used in cancer therapy can be classified into several main categories. Targeting cancer cells, tumor microenvironment, and immune system, these nanomaterials have been modified for a wide range of cancer therapies to overcome toxicity and lack of specificity, enhance drug capacity as well as bioavailability. Although the number of studies has been increasing, the number of approved nano-drugs has not increased much over the years. To better improve clinical translation, further research is needed for targeted drug delivery by nano-carriers to reduce toxicity, enhance permeability and retention effects, and minimize the shielding effect of protein corona. This review summarizes novel nanomaterials fabricated in research and clinical use, discusses current limitations and obstacles that hinder the translation from research to clinical use, and provides suggestions for more efficient adoption of nanomaterials in cancer therapy.
癌症是一种病理过程复杂的疾病。当前的化疗面临着缺乏特异性、细胞毒性、诱导多药耐药以及干细胞样细胞生长等问题。纳米材料是指尺寸在1至100纳米范围内的材料，具有独特的光学、磁性和电学性质。用于癌症治疗的纳米材料可分为几个主要类别。这些纳米材料通过靶向癌细胞、肿瘤微环境和免疫系统，已被修饰用于广泛的癌症治疗，以克服毒性和缺乏特异性的问题，提高药物承载能力以及生物利用度。尽管研究数量一直在增加，但多年来获批的纳米药物数量并未显著增加。为了更好地促进临床转化，需要进一步研究纳米载体的靶向药物递送，以降低毒性，增强渗透和滞留效应，并最小化蛋白质冠层的屏蔽效应。本综述总结了研究和临床应用中制备的新型纳米材料，讨论了阻碍从研究转化为临床应用的当前局限性和障碍，并为在癌症治疗中更有效地采用纳米材料提供了建议。
