Anticipating response function in gene regulatory networks.

The origin of an ordered genetic response of a complex and noisy biological cell is intimately related to the detailed mechanism of protein-DNA interactions present in a wide variety of gene regulatory (GR) systems. However, the quantitative prediction of genetic response and the correlation between the mechanism and the response curve is poorly understood. Here, we report binding studies of GR systems to show that the transcription factor (TF) binds to multiple DNA sites with high cooperativity spreads from specific binding sites into adjacent non-specific DNA and bends the DNA. Our analysis is not limited only to the isolated model system but also can be applied to a system containing multiple interacting genes. The controlling role of TF oligomerization, TF-ligand interactions, and DNA looping for gene expression has been also characterized. The predictions are validated against detailed grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations and published data for the operon system. Overall, our study reveals that the expression of target genes can be quantitatively controlled by modulating TF-ligand interactions and the bending energy of DNA.