Department of Neonatology, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Nutrients. 2021 May 31;13(6):1885. doi: 10.3390/nu13061885.
This study aims to quantify concentrations of minerals and trace elements in human milk (HM) and infant formula (IF) and evaluate associations with medical, social, environmental, and demographic variables. A prospective, case series study of 170 nursing mothers was made. HM samples were obtained from full-term (colostrum, intermediate and mature HM) and preterm (mature HM) mothers. Variables of interest were assessed by a questionnaire. For comparison, IF samples ( = 30) were analyzed in a cross-sectional study. Concentrations of 35 minerals, essential and toxic trace elements were quantified, 5 for the first time: thallium in HM and IF; strontium in preterm HM; and gallium, lithium and uranium in IF. In preterm and full-term HM, levels of selenium ( < 0.001) were significantly lower than recommended and were associated with low birth weight ( < 0.002). Cesium and strontium concentrations were significantly higher than recommended ( < 0.001). Associations were observed between arsenic and residence in an urban area ( = 0.013), and between lead and smoking ( = 0.024) and well-water consumption ( = 0.046). In IF, aluminum, vanadium, and uranium levels were higher than in HM ( < 0.001); uranium, quantified for the first time, was 100 times higher in all types of IF than in HM. Our results indicate that concentrations of most trace elements were within internationally accepted ranges for HM and IF. However, preterm infants are at increased risk of nutritional deficiencies and toxicity. IF manufacturers should reduce the content of toxic trace elements.
本研究旨在定量分析人乳（HM）和婴儿配方奶粉（IF）中的矿物质和痕量元素浓度，并评估其与医学、社会、环境和人口统计学变量的相关性。这是一项前瞻性病例系列研究，共纳入 170 名哺乳期妇女。采集足月（初乳、中期和成熟乳）和早产儿（成熟乳）母亲的 HM 样本。通过问卷调查评估感兴趣的变量。为了进行比较，还对 30 份 IF 样本进行了横断面研究。定量分析了 35 种矿物质、必需和有毒痕量元素，其中 5 种元素是首次分析：HM 和 IF 中的铊；早产儿 HM 中的锶；IF 中的镓、锂和铀。在早产儿和足月 HM 中，硒的水平（<0.001）明显低于推荐值，且与低出生体重（<0.002）相关。铯和锶的浓度明显高于推荐值（<0.001）。砷与居住在城区（=0.013），铅与吸烟（=0.024）和饮用井水（=0.046）之间存在相关性。IF 中的铝、钒和铀水平明显高于 HM（<0.001）；铀是首次定量分析的元素，在所有类型的 IF 中的含量均比 HM 高 100 倍。研究结果表明，大多数痕量元素的浓度均在 HM 和 IF 的国际可接受范围内。然而，早产儿存在营养缺乏和毒性增加的风险。IF 制造商应降低有毒痕量元素的含量。
