Flynn A
Department of Nutrition, University College, Cork, Ireland.
Adv Food Nutr Res. 1992;36:209-52. doi: 10.1016/s1043-4526(08)60106-0.
The nutritional roles, requirements, and metabolism and the quantitative relationship between dietary intakes and health for a number of the minerals and trace elements have been more clearly defined in recent years, but there are still considerable deficiencies in our understanding of these issues, e.g., the significance of calcium in the etiology and treatment of osteoporosis and hypertension. Reliable information is now available on the content, and the principal factors affecting it, of most of the minerals and trace elements in human and cow's milks. However, for some of the trace elements, there is still a wide variation in reported values in the literature, which is due, at least in part, to analytical difficulties. The contribution of cow milk and milk products to the diet in Western countries is significant for sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and iodine. Iodine is the only trace element for which there has been any suggestion of excessive amounts in cow milk. However, there is evidence of a decline in milk iodine concentrations in the United States in recent years, although the situation in other countries less clear. Breast milk usually has adequate mineral and trace element contents for feeding full-term infants, with the exceptions of fluoride, for which supplementation of infants is recommended, and of selenium in some countries, such as Finland and New Zealand, where maternal intakes are low. However, breast milk selenium contents have increased in these countries in recent years due to increased maternal selenium intakes. The concentrations of minerals and trace elements in infant formulas for full-term infants are generally higher than in human milk, and all appear to be more than adequate, with the possible exception of selenium, which may need to be increased in some formulas. Considerable changes in the mineral and trace element contents of formulas have been instituted in recent years in the light of improved knowledge of infant requirements. While the chemical forms of the macrominerals and some of the trace elements (iron, zinc, copper, and manganese) in milks are fairly well defined, the forms of many of the trace elements are unknown. Sodium, potassium, chloride, and iodine are believed to be almost totally absorbed from milks and infant formulas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
近年来，人们对多种矿物质和微量元素的营养作用、需求、代谢以及膳食摄入量与健康之间的定量关系有了更清晰的认识，但在这些问题上我们仍存在相当多的不足，例如钙在骨质疏松症和高血压的病因及治疗中的意义。目前已有关于人乳和牛乳中大多数矿物质和微量元素含量及其主要影响因素的可靠信息。然而，对于一些微量元素，文献报道的值仍存在很大差异，这至少部分是由于分析困难所致。在西方国家，牛奶和奶制品对钠、钾、氯、钙、磷、锌和碘的膳食贡献显著。碘是唯一有迹象表明在牛奶中含量过高的微量元素。不过，有证据表明近年来美国牛奶中的碘浓度有所下降，而其他国家的情况则不太明朗。除了氟（建议对婴儿进行补充）以及在芬兰和新西兰等一些国家，由于母亲摄入量较低，母乳中的硒含量不足外，母乳通常含有足够的矿物质和微量元素来喂养足月儿。然而，近年来这些国家母乳中的硒含量因母亲硒摄入量增加而有所上升。足月婴儿配方奶粉中矿物质和微量元素的浓度一般高于人乳，而且似乎都足够，可能除了硒，有些配方奶粉中的硒含量可能需要增加。鉴于对婴儿需求的认识有所提高，近年来配方奶粉中的矿物质和微量元素含量发生了相当大的变化。虽然牛奶中常量矿物质和一些微量元素（铁、锌、铜和锰）的化学形式已相当明确，但许多微量元素的形式尚不清楚。钠、钾、氯和碘被认为几乎能从牛奶和婴儿配方奶粉中完全吸收。（摘要截选至400字）
