Successful long-term management of recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis after kidney transplantation with costimulation blockade.

Recurrence of primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) occurs in up to 50% of patients after kidney transplantation and is associated with poor allograft outcome. Novel therapeutic concepts directly target podocyte function via B7-1 with inconsistent response. We present the case of a 19-year-old patient with recurrent primary FSGS early after living donor kidney transplantation. Plasmapheresis and rituximab did not induce remission. Repetitive abatacept administration was able to achieve partial remission. Maintenance immunosuppression was subsequently switched to a belatacept-based calcineurin inhibitor-free immunosuppression, resulting in sustained complete remission with excellent allograft function throughout a follow-up of >56 months.