Sciences Division, Central Piedmont Community College, Charlotte, NC, USA.
The Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
Methods Mol Biol. 2021;2326:55-66. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1514-0_5.
Exposure to multiple stressors often results in higher toxicity than one stressor alone. Examining joint effects of multiple stressors could provide more realistic exposure scenarios and a better understanding of the combined effects. In amphibian toxicology, simultaneous exposure to some pesticides and ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation has been suggested to be detrimental and more harmful in amphibian early-life stages than either stressor alone. Therefore, it is important to investigate the joint effects of these two stressors and provide data that could lead to more informed risk assessment. Here we describe how to set up a co-exposure to pesticides and ultraviolet B radiation to examine their joint toxicity in amphibian embryos and larvae, focusing on Xenopus laevis with notes on other amphibian species. With modifications, the methods may be applied to other types of chemicals or other aquatic organisms of interest.
暴露于多种胁迫因素通常会导致比单一胁迫因素更高的毒性。研究多种胁迫因素的联合效应可以提供更现实的暴露场景，并更好地理解联合效应。在两栖动物毒理学中，已经有人提出，同时接触某些杀虫剂和紫外线 B（UVB）辐射对两栖动物早期生命阶段的危害比单独接触任何一种胁迫因素都要大。因此，研究这两种胁迫因素的联合效应并提供数据，以促进更明智的风险评估非常重要。在这里，我们描述了如何建立杀虫剂和紫外线 B 辐射的共暴露，以研究它们对两栖动物胚胎和幼虫的联合毒性，重点介绍 Xenopus laevis，并附有其他两栖动物物种的说明。通过修改，该方法可应用于其他类型的化学物质或其他感兴趣的水生生物。
