Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA.
Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA.
Environ Pollut. 2015 Dec;207:248-55. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.029. Epub 2015 Sep 25.
A combination of multiple stressors may be linked to global amphibian declines. Of these, pesticides and UVB radiation co-exposures were examined on the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) to provide information that may be useful for amphibian conservation. The independent action model and inferential statistics were used to examine interactions between pesticides (malathion, endosulfan, α-cypermethrin, or chlorothalonil) and environmentally relevant UVB exposures. UVB radiation alone caused 35-68% mortality and nearly 100% of malformations. Pesticides and UVB had additive effects on larval mortality; however, several non-additive effects (antagonistic and synergistic interactions) were observed for total body length. Insecticides mainly affected axial development, whereas UVB radiation caused high incidence of edema, gut malformations, and abnormal tail tips. These results suggest that sublethal developmental endpoints were more sensitive for detecting joint effects. This work has implications for amphibian risk assessments for ecosystems where pesticides and high UVB radiation may co-occur.
多种胁迫因素的共同作用可能与全球两栖动物的减少有关。在这些因素中，研究了杀虫剂和 UVB 辐射的共同暴露对非洲爪蟾（Xenopus laevis）的影响，以期为两栖动物保护提供有用的信息。采用独立作用模型和推理统计学方法来检验杀虫剂（马拉硫磷、硫丹、α-氯氰菊酯或百菌清）和环境相关的 UVB 暴露之间的相互作用。单独的 UVB 辐射会导致 35-68%的死亡率和近 100%的畸形率。杀虫剂和 UVB 对幼虫死亡率有相加作用；然而，对于总体长，观察到了几种非相加作用（拮抗和协同相互作用）。杀虫剂主要影响轴向发育，而 UVB 辐射则导致高水肿发生率、肠道畸形和异常的尾巴尖端。这些结果表明，亚致死发育终点更敏感，可以检测到联合效应。这项工作对评估生态系统中杀虫剂和高 UVB 辐射可能同时存在的两栖动物风险具有重要意义。
