Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente para la Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru.
Environ Int. 2021 Sep;154:106639. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106639. Epub 2021 Jun 6.
High blood lead levels (BLLs) have been previously reported in indigenous people living in communities in the northern Peruvian Amazon. Oil extraction activities have been conducted in the area since the 1970s and have been identified as a source of lead exposure.
Measure BLL and assess risk factors associated with BLL among indigenous populations from four river basins of the northern Peruvian Amazon.
Participants from 39 communities were selected using a two-stage stratified random selection strategy and were visited between May and June 2016. Information on risk factors was collected using structured questionnaires and blood samples were taken. Overall, complete information was available from 1047 individuals (309 < 12 years old, 738 ≥ 12 years). BLL was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in a graphite chamber. Weighted linear logistic regression models were used to study the association between socio-demographic variables, self-reported life-style factors, environmental, geographical and occupational exposures and BLLs.
Geometric mean (95% CI) BLL was 4.9 (4.5, 5.4) µg/dL in participants <12 years and 5.7 (5.4, 6.0) µg/dL in older participants. There were marked differences in BLL between river basins with the highest levels observed in the Corrientes river basin [8.1 (7.2, 9.1) µg/dL <12 years and 8.8 (8.0, 9.6) µg/dL older participants]. High BLL was associated with older age, being male, living in the Pastaza, Tigre or Corrientes river basins and consumption of fish offal in children and adults. Increased Euclidean distance between residence and oil production facilities was associated with a small reduction in BLL.
BLLs that pose a health risk were detected in the study population of a non-industrialized and remote area of the Amazon. The highest BLLs were observed in those river basins where relative oil extraction activity and environmental levels of contaminants have been reported to be greatest.
此前有报道称，生活在秘鲁亚马逊北部社区的土著人血液铅含量（BLL）较高。自 20 世纪 70 年代以来，该地区一直在进行石油开采活动，被认为是铅暴露的来源。
测量秘鲁亚马逊北部四个流域的土著人群的 BLL，并评估与 BLL 相关的危险因素。
采用两阶段分层随机抽样策略选择来自 39 个社区的参与者，并于 2016 年 5 月至 6 月期间进行访问。使用结构化问卷收集有关危险因素的信息，并采集血样。总体而言，共有 1047 人（309 人＜12 岁，738 人≥12 岁）提供了完整信息。使用石墨室原子吸收分光光度法测定 BLL。使用加权线性逻辑回归模型研究社会人口统计学变量、自我报告的生活方式因素、环境、地理和职业暴露与 BLL 之间的关系。
＜12 岁参与者的几何均数（95%CI）BLL 为 4.9（4.5，5.4）μg/dL，年龄较大参与者的 BLL 为 5.7（5.4，6.0）μg/dL。不同流域之间的 BLL 存在显著差异，最高水平出现在科里entes 河流域[8.1（7.2，9.1）μg/dL＜12 岁和 8.8（8.0，9.6）μg/dL 年龄较大的参与者]。BLL 较高与年龄较大、男性、居住在帕斯塔萨、蒂格雷或科里entes 河流域以及儿童和成年人食用鱼内脏有关。居住地点与石油生产设施之间的欧几里得距离增加与 BLL 的少量减少相关。
在亚马逊一个非工业化和偏远地区的研究人群中发现了具有健康风险的 BLL。在相对石油开采活动和污染物环境水平最高的河流流域观察到最高的 BLL。
