Department for Social Sciences, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany.
Geodetic Hazard Monitoring Group, Section Global Geomonitoring and Gravity Field, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany.
PLoS One. 2021 Jun 9;16(6):e0250208. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250208. eCollection 2021.
Drawing on Jakarta, Metro Manila and Singapore as case studies, we explore the paradox of slow political action in addressing subsiding land, particularly along high-density urban coastlines with empirical insights from coastal geography, geodesy analysis, geology, and urban planning. In framing land subsidence as a classic 'wicked' policy problem, and also as a hybrid geological and anthropogenic phenomenon that is unevenly experienced across urban contexts, the paper uses a three-step analysis. First, satellite-derived InSAR maps are integrated with Sentinel-1A data in order to reveal the socio-temporal variability of subsidence rates which in turn pose challenges in uniformly applying regulatory action. Second, a multi-sectoral mapping of diverse policies and practices spanning urban water supply, groundwater extraction, land use zoning, building codes, tenurial security, and land reclamation reveal the extent to which the broader coastal governance landscape remains fragmented and incongruous, particularly in arresting a multi-dimensional phenomenon such as subsidence. Finally, in reference to distinct coastal identities of each city-the 'Sinking Capital' (Jakarta), 'Fortress Singapore', and the 'Disaster Capital' (Manila) the paper illustrates how land subsidence is portrayed across the three metropolises in markedly similar ways: as a reversible, quasi-natural, and/or a highly individualized problem.
以雅加达、马尼拉和新加坡为例，我们探讨了在解决土地沉降问题上政治行动缓慢的悖论，特别是在人口密集的沿海城市地区，我们从沿海地理、大地测量分析、地质学和城市规划等方面获得了实证见解。本文将土地沉降问题视为典型的“棘手”政策问题，同时也将其视为一种不均匀地出现在城市环境中的混合地质和人为现象，采用了三步分析法。首先，将卫星衍生的 InSAR 地图与 Sentinel-1A 数据相结合，以揭示沉降速率的社会时间变化，这反过来又给统一实施监管行动带来了挑战。其次，对跨越城市供水、地下水开采、土地利用分区、建筑规范、土地保有权安全和填海造地等多个领域的各种政策和实践进行多部门绘图，揭示了更广泛的沿海治理格局在多大程度上仍然存在碎片化和不协调，特别是在遏制沉降等多维现象方面。最后，参考每个城市的独特沿海身份——“下沉之都”（雅加达）、“堡垒新加坡”和“灾难之都”（马尼拉），本文说明了土地沉降在这三个大都市中是如何以明显相似的方式呈现的：作为一种可逆的、准自然的和/或高度个体化的问题。
