Department of Psychology, Experimental Psychology Lab, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, D-68131, Mannheim, Germany.
Psychon Bull Rev. 2021 Oct;28(5):1495-1513. doi: 10.3758/s13423-020-01861-1. Epub 2021 Jun 9.
Exemplar models are often used in research on multiple-cue judgments to describe the underlying process of participants' responses. In these experiments, participants are repeatedly presented with the same exemplars (e.g., poisonous bugs) and instructed to memorize these exemplars and their corresponding criterion values (e.g., the toxicity of a bug). We propose that there are two possible outcomes when participants judge one of the already learned exemplars in some later block of the experiment. They either have memorized the exemplar and their respective criterion value and are thus able to recall the exact value, or they have not learned the exemplar and thus have to judge its criterion value, as if it was a new stimulus. We argue that psychologically, the judgments of participants in a multiple-cue judgment experiment are a mixture of these two qualitatively distinct cognitive processes: judgment and recall. However, the cognitive modeling procedure usually applied does not make any distinction between these processes and the data generated by them. We investigated potential effects of disregarding the distinction between these two processes on the parameter recovery and the model fit of one exemplar model. We present results of a simulation as well as the reanalysis of five experimental data sets showing that the current combination of experimental design and modeling procedure can bias parameter estimates, impair their validity, and negatively affect the fit and predictive performance of the model. We also present a latent-mixture extension of the original model as a possible solution to these issues.
范例模型通常用于多线索判断研究中，以描述参与者反应的潜在过程。在这些实验中，参与者反复呈现相同的范例（例如有毒的虫子），并被指示记住这些范例及其相应的标准值（例如虫子的毒性）。我们提出，当参与者在实验的稍后阶段判断已经学习过的范例之一时，可能有两种结果。他们要么记住了范例及其各自的标准值，因此能够回忆出确切的值，要么他们没有学习过范例，因此必须判断其标准值，就好像它是一个新的刺激。我们认为，从心理学的角度来看，多线索判断实验中参与者的判断是这两种截然不同的认知过程的混合：判断和回忆。然而，通常应用的认知建模过程并没有区分这些过程和它们生成的数据。我们研究了忽略这两个过程之间区别对一个范例模型的参数恢复和模型拟合的潜在影响。我们展示了模拟结果以及对五个实验数据集的重新分析，结果表明当前的实验设计和建模过程的组合可能会偏置参数估计，损害其有效性，并对模型的拟合和预测性能产生负面影响。我们还提出了原始模型的潜在混合扩展，作为解决这些问题的可能方法。
