Siitonen Pauliina, Rauniomaa Mirka, Keisanen Tiina
Languages and Literature, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Front Psychol. 2021 Jun 4;12:661784. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661784. eCollection 2021.
The article explores how social interaction is accomplished through intertwined verbal and bodily conduct, focusing on directive actions that include a second-person imperative form of the Finnish verb "to look," typically . The study draws on video recordings of various outdoor activities in nature, mostly from family interaction with small children, and employs interactional linguistics and conversation analysis as its analytic framework. The directive actions in focus are produced (1) as noticings, to initiate a new course of action by directing the recipient to look at and possibly talk about a target that the speaker treats as newsworthy; (2) as showings, to initiate an evaluative course of action by directing the recipient to look at and align with the speaker's stance toward the target; or (3) as prompts, to contribute to an ongoing course of action by directing the recipient to do something relevant to or with the target. Apart from the use of , the actions differ in their design. In noticings, the target is typically named verbally and pointed at through embodied means, but the participants remain at some distance from it (e.g., "look an anthill there"). In showings, the participant producing the action typically approaches the recipient with the target in hand, so that the naming of the target is not necessary but, by evaluating the target themselves, the shower explicates how the target should be seen (e.g., "look how giant {ones}"). In prompts, neither the target nor the intended action is named, but the target is typically indicated by embodied means, for example, by the participants' approaching and pointing at it, and the intended action is inferable from the participants' prior conduct (e.g., "look there" and pointing at a berry in the participants' vicinity when berry picking has been established as relevant). By examining these three grammar-body assemblages, the article uncovers regularities in the co-occurrence of multiple modalities and contributes to new understandings of language use in its natural ecology - in co-present social interaction.
本文探讨了社会互动是如何通过言语和身体行为的交织来实现的，重点关注指令性动作，这些动作包括芬兰语动词“看”的第二人称祈使形式。该研究借鉴了各种自然户外活动的视频记录，主要来自与幼儿的家庭互动，并采用互动语言学和会话分析作为其分析框架。重点关注的指令性动作产生的方式有：（1）作为“注意”，通过引导接受者看向并可能谈论说话者认为有新闻价值的目标来启动新的行动过程；（2）作为“展示”，通过引导接受者看向并与说话者对目标的立场保持一致来启动评估性行动过程；或者（3）作为“提示”，通过引导接受者做与目标相关或针对目标的事情来促进正在进行的行动过程。除了使用“看”这个词外，这些动作在设计上也有所不同。在“注意”中，目标通常通过言语命名并通过身体动作指向，但参与者与目标保持一定距离（例如，“看那里有个蚁丘”）。在“展示”中，执行动作的参与者通常手持目标走向接受者，因此不需要对目标进行命名，但展示者通过自己对目标的评估，阐明了应该如何看待目标（例如，“看这些有多大”）。在“提示”中，既不命名目标也不命名预期动作，但目标通常通过身体动作来指示，例如，参与者走近并指向它，预期动作可从参与者之前的行为中推断出来（例如，“看那里”，在采摘浆果已被确定为相关活动时，指向参与者附近的一颗浆果）。通过研究这三种语法 - 身体组合，本文揭示了多种模态共同出现的规律，并有助于对自然生态环境中——共同在场的社会互动中的语言使用产生新的理解。
