Horlacher Anne-Sylvie
Center for Applied Linguistics, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
French Linguistics and Literary Studies, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Front Psychol. 2022 Jul 15;12:689563. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689563. eCollection 2021.
Although requests constitute a type of action that have been widely discussed within conversation analysis-oriented work, they have only recently begun to be explored in relation to the situated and multimodal dimensions in which they occur. The contribution of this paper resides in the integration of bodily-visual conduct (gaze and facial expression, gesture and locomotion, object manipulation) into a more grammatical account of requesting. Drawing on video recordings collected in two different hair salons located in the French-speaking part of Switzerland and in France (23 h in total), this paper analyzes clients' negative requests by exploring how they interface with the participants' embodied conducts. Contrary to what the literature describes for positively formulated requests, with negative requests clients challenge an expectable next action (or ongoing action) by the hairdresser. One linguistic format constitutes the focus of this article, roughly glossable as 'You don't do [action X] too much (huh)'. Our analysis of a consistent collection of such formatted turns will show that clients present them (and hairdressers tend to treat them) in different ways, depending on how they relate to embodied conduct: When these turns are used by the client as instructions, they are accompanied by manipulations of the client's own hair and tend to occur toward the initial phase of the encounter, at a stage when hairdressers and clients collaboratively negotiate the service in prospect. When uttered as directives, these turns are not accompanied by any touching practices from the client and are typically observable in subsequent phases of the encounter, making relevant an immediate linguistic or/and bodily response from the professional, as shown by the client who is actively pursuing mutual gaze with him/her. Therefore, an action cannot be distinguished from another on the basis of the turn format alone: Its sequential placement and the participants' co-occurring embodied conduct contribute to its situated and shared understanding. By analyzing the clients' use of a specific linguistic format conjointly with the deployment of specific embodied resources, this study will advance our understanding of how verbal resources and embodiment operate in concert with each other in the formation and understanding of actions, thereby feeding into new areas of research on the grammar-body interface.
尽管请求作为一种行为类型在以会话分析为导向的研究中已得到广泛讨论，但直到最近才开始从其所处的情境和多模态维度进行探讨。本文的贡献在于将身体视觉行为（目光与面部表情、手势与动作、物体操控）融入到对请求的更具语法性的描述中。基于在瑞士法语区和法国的两家不同美发沙龙收集的视频记录（共计23小时），本文通过探究客户的负面请求如何与参与者的身体行为相互作用，对其进行了分析。与文献中对正面表述请求的描述不同，在负面请求中，客户对发型师可预期的下一步行动（或正在进行的行动）提出质疑。一种语言形式构成了本文的重点，大致可释义为“你别太 [做动作X]（哈）”。我们对一系列此类格式化话语的分析将表明，客户呈现这些话语（发型师也倾向于如此对待）的方式各不相同，这取决于它们与身体行为的关联方式：当客户将这些话语用作指令时，会伴随着对自己头发的操控，且往往出现在互动的初始阶段，即发型师和客户共同协商即将提供的服务的阶段。当作为指令说出时，这些话语不会伴随着客户的任何触摸行为，且通常出现在互动的后续阶段，促使专业人员立即做出语言或/和身体回应，正如积极与发型师进行对视的客户所表现的那样。因此，不能仅根据话语形式来区分一种行为与另一种行为：其顺序位置以及参与者同时出现的身体行为有助于对其进行情境化和共享理解。通过将客户对特定语言形式的使用与特定身体资源的运用结合起来分析，本研究将增进我们对言语资源和身体表现如何在行动的形成和理解中相互配合的理解，从而为语法 - 身体界面的新研究领域提供参考。
