Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
IIHR, Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Nov 1;793:148476. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148476. Epub 2021 Jun 18.
Natural disasters, such as flooding, can cause severe social, environmental, and economic damage to a community. Transportation infrastructure plays an essential role in flood response and recovery efforts. However, flooding may disturb road functionality and generate direct and indirect adverse impacts, including the loss of access to essential services. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of flood impacts on road network topology and accessibility to amenities for major communities in the State of Iowa using graph-theoretic methods, including single-source shortest path analyses. We assessed the disruption of transportation networks on the accessibility to critical amenities (e.g., hospitals) under 100 and 500-year flood scenarios. Our analysis methodology leads toward the development of an integrated real-time decision support system that will allow decision-makers to explore "what if" flood scenarios to identify vulnerable areas and population in their authority. These analyses could promote possible improvements (e.g., temporary relocation of critical services) to mitigate the consequences of road system failure during flooding. Due to varying environmental conditions at specific locations and effects on road topology under flood events, the results show differential impacts in edge and node losses as well as access to critical services. Results indicate that floods can lead to edge losses of up to 18%, and not only large cities but also some small cities can experience significant vulnerability to flooding. Some new or reconstructed bridges have failed to operate during analyzed flood events. During the 100 and 500-year flood return periods, the total number of inaccessible bridges within the selected cities is 184 and 294, respectively. Our work found that the shortest path length to the closest critical amenity under baseline condition can flip to the second or higher-orders during flooding. Many critical amenities have been found at risk of flooding in the studied cities.
自然灾害，如洪水，会对社区造成严重的社会、环境和经济破坏。交通基础设施在洪水应对和恢复工作中发挥着重要作用。然而，洪水可能会干扰道路功能，并产生直接和间接的不利影响，包括丧失对基本服务的访问权。本文采用图论方法，包括单源最短路径分析，对爱荷华州主要社区的道路网络拓扑结构和可达性受洪水影响进行了综合分析。我们评估了在 100 年和 500 年洪水情景下，交通网络中断对关键设施（如医院）可达性的影响。我们的分析方法为开发综合实时决策支持系统提供了依据，该系统将使决策者能够探索“如果......会怎样”的洪水情景，以确定其管辖范围内的脆弱区域和人口。这些分析可以促进可能的改进（例如，关键服务的临时搬迁），以减轻道路系统在洪水期间失效的后果。由于特定地点的环境条件不同，以及洪水事件对道路拓扑结构的影响，结果显示边缘和节点损失以及对关键服务的访问方面存在差异。结果表明，洪水可能导致高达 18%的边缘损失，不仅是大城市，一些小城市也可能容易受到洪水的影响。一些新建或重建的桥梁在分析的洪水事件中未能运行。在 100 年和 500 年洪水重现期内，所选城市中无法到达的桥梁总数分别为 184 座和 294 座。我们的研究发现，在基线条件下，到最近的关键设施的最短路径长度在洪水期间可能会变成第二或更高阶。在所研究的城市中，许多关键设施都面临着洪水风险。
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