Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Marys University, London, UK.
School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.
Eur J Sport Sci. 2022 Aug;22(8):1156-1166. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1949638. Epub 2021 Jul 16.
We examined how summated training and match load measures relate to salivary immunological and hormonal profile changes in professional football players. Data were collected from 18 elite-level professional male football players from one English Championship team across a complete 40 wk competitive season. Daily training (micro-technology) and match (computerised tracking) measures of total, high-speed and high-metabolic load running distance and sprint, acceleration, deceleration and sRPE load were converted into exponentially weighted moving average "acute" (7d), "chronic" (28d) and acute:chronic composite load measures. Bi-weekly morning saliva samples were analysed for immunoglobulin-A, alpha-amylase, testosterone, cortisol and testosterone:cortisol. A two-stage data reduction technique using partial least squares modelling and a backward stepwise selection procedure determined the most parsimonious model for each salivary variable. Testosterone had non-linear relationships with chronic total (= 0.015; Cohen's D: large), high-metabolic load (= 0.001;small) and high-speed (= 0.001;trivial) running distance and linear relationships with chronic sRPE (= 0.002;moderate ↓) and acute:chronic high-speed running distance (= 0.001; trivial ↑). Cortisol had a non-linear relationship with chronic high-speed running distance (= 0.001;trivial). Testosterone:cortisol had non-linear relationships with chronic decelerations (= 0.039;small) and chronic summated acceleration and deceleration load (= 0.039;small). Non-linear relationships typically indicated optimal hormonal responses at squad mean loads. No load variables clearly related to salivary immunoglobulin-A or alpha-amylase changes. We conclude that chronic total and high-intensity load measures relate to hormonal changes and might be useful indicators of player readiness. Acute load variables were not related to immunological or hormonal changes and consequently, should not be used as surrogate measures of player readiness in isolation.
我们研究了总和训练和比赛负荷指标如何与职业足球运动员的唾液免疫和激素谱变化相关。数据来自于一支英格兰冠军球队的 18 名精英级职业男足球运动员，采集时间跨越了完整的 40 周竞技赛季。每日训练（微技术）和比赛（计算机化跟踪）的总负荷、高速和高代谢负荷跑动距离和冲刺、加速、减速和 sRPE 负荷指标被转换为指数加权移动平均“急性”（7d）、“慢性”（28d）和急性：慢性复合负荷指标。每周两次清晨采集唾液样本，分析免疫球蛋白 A、α-淀粉酶、睾酮、皮质醇和睾酮：皮质醇比值。使用偏最小二乘模型的两阶段数据缩减技术和向后逐步选择程序，确定了每个唾液变量的最简约模型。
睾酮与慢性总负荷（= 0.015；Cohen's D：大）、高代谢负荷（= 0.001；小）和高速负荷（= 0.001；微小）呈非线性关系，与慢性 sRPE（= 0.002；中等 ↓）和急性：慢性高速跑距离（= 0.001；微小 ↑）呈线性关系。皮质醇与慢性高速跑距离呈非线性关系（= 0.001；微小）。睾酮：皮质醇与慢性减速（= 0.039；小）和慢性总和加速和减速负荷（= 0.039；小）呈非线性关系。非线性关系通常表明在队均值负荷下激素反应最佳。没有负荷变量与唾液免疫球蛋白 A 或α-淀粉酶的变化有明显关系。我们得出结论，慢性总负荷和高强度负荷指标与激素变化有关，可能是球员准备状态的有用指标。急性负荷变量与免疫或激素变化无关，因此不应孤立地用作球员准备状态的替代指标。
