Moezzi Sayyed Ali, Ramezani Sudabe, Rezaei Kiadokht, Khoei Arash Javanshir
Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
Aquac Nutr. 2025 Jul 9;2025:5328773. doi: 10.1155/anu/5328773. eCollection 2025.
Pesticide contamination in aquatic environments poses severe risks to fish health, causing oxidative stress, immunosuppression, endocrine disruption, and neurotoxicity. These effects result from the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs), enzyme inhibition, and damage to physiological systems. Plant-derived compounds and phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids, offer a sustainable strategy to mitigate these toxic effects due to their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and detoxifying properties. Phytochemicals protect fish by scavenging ROS, upregulating antioxidant enzymes (i.e., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), and enhancing detoxification pathways (i.e., cytochrome P450 enzymes and glutathione-S-transferase). They also reduce inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB signaling and restore immune function by improving phagocytic activity and lymphocyte proliferation. Additionally, phytochemicals counter endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity by stabilizing hormone levels and preventing the accumulation of acetylcholine in neural pathways. Incorporating plant-derived compounds into fish diets can reduce oxidative damage, strengthen immune responses, and enhance fish resilience to pesticide exposure. This review emphasizes the potential of phytochemicals to promote safer, more sustainable aquaculture practices. Further research on dosage and application methods could lead to significant advancements in aquatic toxicology and fish health management.
水生环境中的农药污染对鱼类健康构成严重风险，会导致氧化应激、免疫抑制、内分泌紊乱和神经毒性。这些影响是由活性氧（ROS）的积累、酶抑制以及生理系统受损造成的。植物衍生化合物和植物化学物质，如多酚、黄酮类化合物、生物碱、皂苷和萜类化合物，因其抗氧化、抗炎、免疫调节和解毒特性，提供了一种减轻这些毒性影响的可持续策略。植物化学物质通过清除ROS、上调抗氧化酶（即超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶）以及增强解毒途径（即细胞色素P450酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶）来保护鱼类。它们还通过抑制促炎细胞因子和NF-κB信号传导来减轻炎症，并通过改善吞噬活性和淋巴细胞增殖来恢复免疫功能。此外，植物化学物质通过稳定激素水平和防止乙酰胆碱在神经通路中的积累来对抗内分泌紊乱和神经毒性。将植物衍生化合物纳入鱼类饮食可以减少氧化损伤、增强免疫反应并提高鱼类对农药暴露的恢复力。本综述强调了植物化学物质在促进更安全、更可持续的水产养殖实践方面的潜力。对剂量和应用方法的进一步研究可能会在水生毒理学和鱼类健康管理方面取得重大进展。
