Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15310 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
The Goulandris Natural History Museum-Greek Biotope/Wetland Centre, 14th km Thessaloniki-Mihaniona, Thermi P.O. Box 60394, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Toxins (Basel). 2021 Jun 1;13(6):394. doi: 10.3390/toxins13060394.
Cyanotoxins (CTs) produced by cyanobacteria in surface freshwater are a major threat for public health and aquatic ecosystems. Cyanobacteria can also produce a wide variety of other understudied bioactive metabolites such as oligopeptides microginins (MGs), aeruginosins (AERs), aeruginosamides (AEGs) and anabaenopeptins (APs). This study reports on the co-occurrence of CTs and cyanopeptides (CPs) in Lake Vegoritis, Greece and presents their variant-specific profiles obtained during 3-years of monitoring (2018-2020). Fifteen CTs (cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anatoxin (ATX), nodularin (NOD), and 12 microcystins (MCs)) and ten CPs (3 APs, 4 MGs, 2 AERs and aeruginosamide (AEG A)) were targeted using an extended and validated LC-MS/MS protocol for the simultaneous determination of multi-class CTs and CPs. Results showed the presence of MCs (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, dmMC-LR, dmMC-RR, MC-HtyR, and MC-HilR) and CYN at concentrations of <1 μg/L, with MC-LR (79%) and CYN (71%) being the most frequently occurring. Anabaenopeptins B (AP B) and F (AP F) were detected in almost all samples and microginin T1 (MG T1) was the most abundant CP, reaching 47.0 μg/L. This is the first report of the co-occurrence of CTs and CPs in Lake Vegoritis, which is used for irrigation, fishing and recreational activities. The findings support the need for further investigations of the occurrence of CTs and the less studied cyanobacterial metabolites in lakes, to promote risk assessment with relevance to human exposure.
蓝藻产生的蓝藻毒素 (CTs) 是地表水公共卫生和水生生态系统的主要威胁。蓝藻还可以产生各种其他研究较少的生物活性代谢物，如寡肽微囊藻素 (MGs)、鱼腥藻素 (AERs)、鱼腥藻酰胺 (AEGs) 和 anabaenopeptins (APs)。本研究报告了希腊 Vegoritis 湖 CTs 和蓝藻肽 (CPs) 的共同出现，并介绍了在 3 年监测期间 (2018-2020 年) 获得的特定变异谱。使用扩展和验证的 LC-MS/MS 方案，针对 15 种 CTs (cylindrospermopsin (CYN)、anatoxin (ATX)、nodularin (NOD) 和 12 种微囊藻毒素 (MCs)) 和 10 种 CPs (3 种 AP、4 种 MG、2 种 AER 和 aeruginosamide (AEG A)) 进行了目标检测。结果表明，存在浓度低于 1μg/L 的 MCs (MC-LR、MC-RR、MC-YR、dmMC-LR、dmMC-RR、MC-HtyR 和 MC-HilR) 和 CYN，其中 MC-LR (79%) 和 CYN (71%) 是最常见的。几乎所有样品中都检测到 anabaenopeptins B (AP B) 和 F (AP F)，而 microginin T1 (MG T1) 是最丰富的 CP，达到 47.0μg/L。这是首次在 Vegoritis 湖报告 CTs 和 CPs 的共同出现，该湖用于灌溉、渔业和娱乐活动。这些发现支持了进一步调查湖泊中 CTs 和研究较少的蓝藻代谢物的出现的必要性，以促进与人类暴露相关的风险评估。
