Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore.
Molecules. 2021 Jun 1;26(11):3331. doi: 10.3390/molecules26113331.
Clean water supply is an essential element for the entire sustainable human society, and the economic and technology development. Membrane filtration for water and wastewater treatments is the premier choice due to its high energy efficiency and effectiveness, where the separation is performed by passing water molecules through purposely tuned pores of membranes selectively without phase change and additional chemicals. Ceramics and polymers are two main candidate materials for membranes, where the majority has been made of polymeric materials, due to the low cost, easy processing, and tunability in pore configurations. In contrast, ceramic membranes have much better performance, extra-long service life, mechanical robustness, and high thermal and chemical stabilities, and they have also been applied in gas, petrochemical, food-beverage, and pharmaceutical industries, where most of polymeric membranes cannot perform properly. However, one of the main drawbacks of ceramic membranes is the high manufacturing cost, which is about three to five times higher than that of common polymeric types. To fill the large gap between the competing ceramic and polymeric membranes, one apparent solution is to develop a ceramic-polymer composite type. Indeed, the properly engineered ceramic-polymer composite membranes are able to integrate the advantages of both ceramic and polymeric materials together, providing improvement in membrane performance for efficient separation, raised life span and additional functionalities. In this overview, we first thoroughly examine three types of ceramic-polymer composite membranes, (i) ceramics in polymer membranes (nanocomposite membranes), (ii) thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes, and (iii) ceramic-supported polymer membranes. In the past decade, great progress has been made in improving the compatibility between ceramics and polymers, while the synergy between them has been among the main pursuits, especially in the development of the high performing nanocomposite membranes for water and wastewater treatment at lowered manufacturing cost. By looking into strategies to improve the compatibility among ceramic and polymeric components, we will conclude with briefing on the perspectives and challenges for the future development of the composite membranes.
清洁的供水是整个可持续人类社会和经济技术发展的基本要素。膜过滤在水和废水处理中是首选，因为它具有高效节能和高效的特点，其分离是通过水分子选择性地通过有目的调谐的膜孔进行的，而不会发生相变和添加其他化学物质。陶瓷和聚合物是膜的两种主要候选材料，其中大多数由聚合物材料制成，因为其成本低、加工容易且在孔结构方面具有可调性。相比之下，陶瓷膜具有更好的性能、更长的使用寿命、机械强度和更高的热稳定性和化学稳定性，它们还应用于气体、石油化工、食品饮料和制药行业，而大多数聚合物膜无法正常运行。然而，陶瓷膜的主要缺点之一是制造成本高，大约是普通聚合物类型的三到五倍。为了填补竞争激烈的陶瓷和聚合物膜之间的巨大差距，一个明显的解决方案是开发陶瓷-聚合物复合类型。事实上，经过适当设计的陶瓷-聚合物复合膜能够将陶瓷和聚合物材料的优点结合在一起，提供膜性能的改进，实现高效分离、提高使用寿命和额外功能。在这篇综述中，我们首先彻底研究了三种类型的陶瓷-聚合物复合膜，（i）聚合物膜中的陶瓷（纳米复合膜），（ii）薄膜纳米复合（TFN）膜，和（iii）陶瓷支撑聚合物膜。在过去的十年中，在改善陶瓷和聚合物之间的相容性方面取得了巨大进展，而它们之间的协同作用一直是主要追求之一，特别是在开发具有成本效益的高性能纳米复合膜用于水和废水处理方面。通过研究改善陶瓷和聚合物成分之间相容性的策略，我们将简要介绍复合膜的未来发展的观点和挑战。
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