Institute of Sports Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania.
Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jun 18;18(12):6571. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18126571.
The aim of this investigation was to determine the relationships of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and content (BMC) with body composition, blood hormone and training load variables in adolescent female athletes with different loading patterns. The participants were 73 healthy adolescent females (14-18 years), who were divided into three groups: rhythmic gymnasts (RG; = 33), swimmers (SW; = 20) and untrained controls (UC; = 20). Bone mineral and body compositional variables were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), estradiol and leptin were analyzed from blood samples. In addition, aerobic performance was assessed by a peak oxygen consumption test. No differences ( > 0.05) in weekly training volume were observed between rhythmic gymnasts (17.6 ± 5.3 h/week) and swimmers (16.1 ± 6.9 h/week). Measured areal bone mineral density and bone mineral content values were higher in rhythmic gymnasts compared with other groups ( < 0.05), while no differences ( > 0.05) in measured bone mineral values were seen between swimmers and untrained control groups. Multiple regression models indicated that IGF-1 alone explained 14% of the total variance (R × 100) in lumbar spine aBMD, while appendicular muscle mass and training volume together explained 37% of the total variance in femoral neck BMC in the rhythmic gymnast group only. In swimmers, age at menarche, estradiol and appendicular muscle mass together explained 68% of the total variance in lumbar spine BMC, while appendicular muscle mass was the only predictor and explained 19 to 53% of the total variance in measured bone mineral values in untrained controls. In conclusion, adolescent rhythmic gymnasts with specific weight-bearing athletic activity present higher areal bone mineral values in comparison with swimmers and untrained controls. Specific training volume together with appendicular muscle mass influenced cortical bone development at the femoral neck site of the skeleton in rhythmic gymnasts, while hormonal values influenced trabecular bone development at the lumbar spine site in both athletic groups with different loading patterns.
本研究旨在确定不同负荷模式的青春期女性运动员的骨矿物质密度（aBMD）和含量（BMC）与身体成分、血液激素和训练负荷变量之间的关系。参与者为 73 名健康的青春期女性（14-18 岁），分为三组：艺术体操运动员（RG；n = 33）、游泳运动员（SW；n = 20）和未训练对照组（UC；n = 20）。通过双能 X 射线吸收法测量骨矿物质和身体成分变量，从血液样本中分析胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）、雌二醇和瘦素。此外，通过峰值耗氧量测试评估有氧能力。艺术体操运动员（17.6 ± 5.3 h/周）和游泳运动员（16.1 ± 6.9 h/周）每周训练量差异无统计学意义（> 0.05）。与其他组相比，艺术体操运动员的桡骨和腰椎骨矿物质密度和骨矿物质含量值较高（< 0.05），而游泳运动员和未训练对照组之间的骨矿物质值差异无统计学意义（> 0.05）。多元回归模型表明，IGF-1 单独解释了桡骨骨密度总方差的 14%（R × 100），而在艺术体操运动员组中，仅四肢肌肉质量和训练量共同解释了股骨颈 BMC 总方差的 37%。在游泳运动员中，初潮年龄、雌二醇和四肢肌肉质量共同解释了腰椎 BMC 的总方差的 68%，而四肢肌肉质量是唯一的预测因子，解释了未训练对照组中测量的骨矿物质值的总方差的 19%至 53%。总之，具有特定承重运动活动的青春期艺术体操运动员与游泳运动员和未训练对照组相比，桡骨骨矿物质值更高。特定的训练量加上四肢肌肉质量影响了艺术体操运动员骨骼股骨颈部位的皮质骨发育，而激素值则影响了不同负荷模式的两组运动员腰椎部位的小梁骨发育。
