Meyer Kristina, Sommer Werner, Hildebrandt Andrea
Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Psychiatric University Hospital Charité at St. Hedwig Hospital, Große Hamburger Str. 5-11, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
J Intell. 2021 Jun 11;9(2):30. doi: 10.3390/jintelligence9020030.
The study of socio-cognitive abilities emerged from intelligence research, and their specificity remains controversial until today. In recent years, the psychometric structure of face cognition (FC)-a basic facet of socio-cognitive abilities-was extensively studied. In this review, we summarize and discuss the divergent psychometric structures of FC in easy and difficult tasks. While accuracy in difficult tasks was consistently shown to be face-specific, the evidence for easy tasks was inconsistent. The structure of response speed in easy tasks was mostly-but not always-unitary across object categories, including faces. Here, we compare studies to identify characteristics leading to face specificity in easy tasks. The following pattern emerges: in easy tasks, face specificity is found when modeling speed in a ; however, when modeling speed across easy tasks, only a unitary factor structure is reported. In difficult tasks, however, face specificity occurs in both single task approaches and task batteries. This suggests different cognitive mechanisms behind face specificity in easy and difficult tasks. In easy tasks, face specificity relies on isolated cognitive sub-processes such as face identity recognition. In difficult tasks, face-specific and task-independent cognitive processes are employed. We propose a descriptive model and argue for FC to be integrated into common taxonomies of intelligence.
社会认知能力的研究源于智力研究，其特殊性至今仍存在争议。近年来，对面孔认知（FC）——社会认知能力的一个基本方面——的心理测量结构进行了广泛研究。在这篇综述中，我们总结并讨论了简单任务和困难任务中FC不同的心理测量结构。虽然困难任务中的准确性一直被证明是面孔特异性的，但简单任务的证据并不一致。简单任务中反应速度的结构在包括面孔在内的不同物体类别中大多（但并非总是）是单一的。在这里，我们比较各项研究以确定导致简单任务中面孔特异性的特征。出现了以下模式：在简单任务中，当对面孔身份识别等孤立的认知子过程进行速度建模时，会发现面孔特异性；然而，当对简单任务的速度进行建模时，报告的只有单一因素结构。然而，在困难任务中，面孔特异性在单一任务方法和任务组中都会出现。这表明简单任务和困难任务中面孔特异性背后存在不同的认知机制。在简单任务中，面孔特异性依赖于诸如面孔身份识别等孤立的认知子过程。在困难任务中，则采用了面孔特异性和任务独立的认知过程。我们提出了一个描述性模型，并主张将FC纳入常见的智力分类法中。
