Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
Mol Plant. 2021 Aug 2;14(8):1244-1265. doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.06.028. Epub 2021 Jul 1.
The superfamily of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes plays key roles in plant evolution and metabolic diversification. This review provides a status on the CYP landscape within green algae and land plants. The 11 conserved CYP clans known from vascular plants are all present in green algae and several green algae-specific clans are recognized. Clan 71, 72, and 85 remain the largest CYP clans and include many taxa-specific CYP (sub)families reflecting emergence of linage-specific pathways. Molecular features and dynamics of CYP plasticity and evolution are discussed and exemplified by selected biosynthetic pathways. High substrate promiscuity is commonly observed for CYPs from large families, favoring retention of gene duplicates and neofunctionalization, thus seeding acquisition of new functions. Elucidation of biosynthetic pathways producing metabolites with sporadic distribution across plant phylogeny reveals multiple examples of convergent evolution where CYPs have been independently recruited from the same or different CYP families, to adapt to similar environmental challenges or ecological niches. Sometimes only a single or a few mutations are required for functional interconversion. A compilation of functionally characterized plant CYPs is provided online through the Plant P450 Database (erda.dk/public/vgrid/PlantP450/).
细胞色素 P450（CYP）酶的超家族在植物进化和代谢多样化中起着关键作用。这篇综述提供了绿藻和陆地植物中 CYP 全景的现状。从维管植物中已知的 11 个保守 CYP 族都存在于绿藻中，并且还识别出了几个绿藻特有的族。族 71、72 和 85 仍然是最大的 CYP 族，包含许多类群特异性 CYP（亚）家族，反映了特定谱系途径的出现。讨论了 CYP 可塑性和进化的分子特征和动态，并通过选定的生物合成途径进行了举例说明。大的 CYP 家族的 CYP 通常具有高底物的混杂性，有利于保留基因重复和新功能化，从而为获得新功能奠定了基础。阐明在植物系统发育中分布稀疏的代谢物的生物合成途径揭示了多个趋同进化的例子，其中 CYP 从相同或不同的 CYP 家族中独立招募，以适应类似的环境挑战或生态位。有时，仅需要单个或少数突变即可进行功能转换。通过在线植物 P450 数据库（erda.dk/public/vgrid/PlantP450/）提供了功能表征的植物 CYP 的编译。
