Modulation Doping: A Strategy for 2D Materials Electronics.

It remains a remarkable challenge to develop practical techniques for controllable and nondestructive doping in two-dimensional (2D) materials for their use in electronics and optoelectronics. Here, we propose a modulation doping strategy, wherein the perfect n-/p-type channel layer is achieved by accepting/donating electrons from/to the defects inside an adjacent encapsulation layer. We demonstrate this strategy in the heterostructures of BN/graphene, BN/MoS, where the previously believed useless deep defects, such as the nitrogen vacancy in BN, can provide free carriers to the graphene and MoS. The carrier density is further modulated by engineering the surroundings of the encapsulation layer. Moreover, the defects and carriers are naturally separated in space, eliminating the effects of Coulomb impurity scattering and thus allowing high mobility in the 2D limit. This doping strategy provides a highly viable route to tune 2D channel materials without inducing any structural damage, paving the way for high-performance 2D nanoelectronic devices.