Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 17 East 102nd Street, 3 West, New York, NY, United States.
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 2450 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
Environ Res. 2021 Nov;202:111651. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111651. Epub 2021 Jul 8.
Prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) is an important, under-studied risk factor for neurodevelopmental dysfunction. We describe the relationships between prenatal PM2.5 exposure and vigilance and inhibitory control, executive functions related to multiple health outcomes in Mexico City children.
We studied 320 children enrolled in Programming Research in Obesity, GRowth, Environment and Social Stressors, a longitudinal birth cohort study in Mexico City. We used a spatio-temporal model to estimate daily prenatal PM2.5 exposure at each participant's residential address. At age 9-10 years, children performed three Go/No-Go tasks, which measure vigilance and inhibitory control ability. We used Latent class analysis (LCA) to classify performance into subgroups that reflected neurocognitive performance and applied multivariate regression and distributed lag regression modeling (DLM) to test overall and time-dependent associations between prenatal PM2.5 exposure and Go/No-Go performance.
LCA detected two Go/No-Go phenotypes: high performers (Class 1) and low performers (Class 2). Predicting odds of Class 1 vs Class 2 membership based on prenatal PM2.5 exposure timing, logistic regression modeling showed that average prenatal PM2.5 exposure in the second and third trimesters correlated with increased odds of membership in low-performance Class 2 (OR = 1.59 (1.16, 2.17), p = 0.004). Additionally, DLM analysis identified a critical window consisting of gestational days 103-268 (second and third trimesters) in which prenatal PM2.5 exposure predicted poorer Go/No-Go performance.
Increased prenatal PM2.5 exposure predicted decreased vigilance and inhibitory control at age 9-10 years. These findings highlight the second and third trimesters of gestation as critical windows of PM2.5 exposure for the development of vigilance and inhibitory control in preadolescent children. Because childhood development of vigilance and inhibitory control informs behavior, academic performance, and self-regulation into adulthood, these results may help to describe the relationship of prenatal PM2.5 exposure to long-term health and psychosocial outcomes. The integrative methodology of this study also contributes to a shift towards more holistic analysis.
产前细颗粒物（PM2.5）空气污染暴露是神经发育功能障碍的一个重要但研究不足的危险因素。我们描述了产前 PM2.5 暴露与警觉性和抑制控制之间的关系，这与墨西哥城儿童的多种健康结果相关的执行功能有关。
我们研究了编程研究肥胖、生长、环境和社会压力源（PROGRESS）中的 320 名儿童，这是墨西哥城的一项纵向出生队列研究。我们使用时空模型来估计每个参与者居住地址的每日产前 PM2.5 暴露。在 9-10 岁时，儿童进行了三项 Go/No-Go 任务，这些任务测量警觉性和抑制控制能力。我们使用潜在类别分析（LCA）将表现分为反映神经认知表现的亚组，并应用多元回归和分布滞后回归模型（DLM）来测试产前 PM2.5 暴露与 Go/No-Go 表现之间的整体和时间依赖性关联。
LCA 检测到两种 Go/No-Go 表型：高表现者（第 1 类）和低表现者（第 2 类）。基于产前 PM2.5 暴露时间，使用逻辑回归模型预测第 1 类与第 2 类成员的可能性，结果表明，第二和第三个三个月的平均产前 PM2.5 暴露与低表现第 2 类的成员可能性增加相关（OR=1.59（1.16，2.17），p=0.004）。此外，DLM 分析确定了一个关键窗口，包括妊娠第 103-268 天（第二个和第三个三个月），在此期间，产前 PM2.5 暴露预测了 Go/No-Go 表现较差。
产前 PM2.5 暴露增加预测了 9-10 岁时警觉性和抑制控制能力下降。这些发现强调了妊娠第二和第三个三个月是 PM2.5 暴露对青春期前儿童警觉性和抑制控制发展的关键窗口。由于警觉性和抑制控制的儿童发展为成年后的行为、学业成绩和自我调节提供了信息，因此这些结果可能有助于描述产前 PM2.5 暴露与长期健康和心理社会结果之间的关系。本研究的综合方法也有助于向更全面的分析转变。
