Stubbs-Richardson Megan, Sinclair H Colleen, Porter Ben, Utley Jessica Weiss
Social Science Research Center, Data Science for the Social Sciences Laboratory, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States.
Social Science Research Center, Social Relations Collaborative, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States.
Front Psychol. 2021 Jun 25;12:660973. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.660973. eCollection 2021.
Research has sought to identify the conditions under which rejection leads to retaliation. The Multimotive Model (MMM) proposes that there are three primary behavioral responses to rejection: prosocial (e.g., befriending others), asocial (e.g., withdrawal), and antisocial behavior (e.g., aggression toward others). In this study, we conducted the first full test of the MMM as well as expanded the model. Based on research linking aggression and "perceived groupness," construal items were added assessing whether the rejection was perceived as extending beyond the individual to one's peers. We also included self-harm behavioral responses as this outcome was not sufficiently captured by existing antisocial or asocial operationalizations. This expanded model was then tested with two high school student samples (Ns of 231 and 374) who reported experiencing aggressive rejection (i.e., experienced physical, verbal, relational, or cyber aggression from peers). The MMM was compared to a saturated model separately in each of the two datasets using structural equation modeling. Results indicate that the saturated model provides a better fit for the data than the MMM across all models examined (all < 0.001). In part, this is due to certain paths having different associations than hypothesized. For example, perceiving the rejection as carrying a higher cost was predicted to promote prosocial behavior, where instead it predicted asocial responses. Perceived groupness was the strongest predictor of antisocial responses. Self-harm outcomes were significantly and consistently associated with higher perceived costs across the models. These results and others will be discussed in the context of how we can better encourage prosocial and discourage antisocial and self-harm responses to social rejection, including bullying.
研究试图确定拒绝导致报复的条件。多动机模型（MMM）提出，对拒绝有三种主要的行为反应：亲社会行为（例如，与他人交朋友）、非社会行为（例如，退缩）和反社会行为（例如，对他人的攻击）。在本研究中，我们首次对MMM进行了全面测试，并对该模型进行了扩展。基于将攻击与“感知到的群体归属感”联系起来的研究，增加了解释性项目，以评估拒绝是否被视为超出个人范围而延伸到同龄人。我们还纳入了自我伤害行为反应，因为现有的反社会或非社会行为的操作化未能充分涵盖这一结果。然后，我们用两个高中生样本（样本量分别为231和374）对这个扩展模型进行了测试，这些学生报告称遭受了攻击性拒绝（即遭受来自同龄人的身体、言语、关系或网络攻击）。使用结构方程模型在两个数据集中分别将MMM与饱和模型进行比较。结果表明，在所有检验的模型中，饱和模型比MMM更适合数据（所有p<0.001）。部分原因是某些路径的关联与假设不同。例如，预计将拒绝视为代价更高会促进亲社会行为，而实际上它预测的是非社会反应。感知到的群体归属感是反社会反应的最强预测因素。在各个模型中，自我伤害结果与更高的感知代价显著且一致地相关。我们将在如何更好地鼓励亲社会行为、抑制对社会拒绝（包括欺凌）的反社会和自我伤害反应的背景下讨论这些结果及其他结果。
