Sales Hélia, Šatović Zlatko, Alves Mara Lisa, Fevereiro Pedro, Nunes João, Vaz Patto Maria Carlota
Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
Centre Bio R&D Unit, Association BLC3 - Technology and Innovation Campus, Lagares, Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal.
Front Plant Sci. 2021 Jun 24;12:688214. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.688214. eCollection 2021.
'Galega vulgar' variety is a blend of West and Central Mediterranean germplasm with cultivated-wild admixture characteristics. 'Galega vulgar' is known for its high rusticity and superior-quality olive oil, being the main Portuguese variety with high impact for bioeconomy. Nevertheless, it has been replaced by higher-yielding and more adapted to intensive production foreign varieties. To clarify the potential ancestral origin, genetic diversity evolution, and existing genetic relationships within the national heritage of 'Galega vulgar', 595 trees, belonging to ancient and centenary age groups and prospected among ten traditional production regions, were characterized using 14 SSR markers after variety validation by endocarp measurements. Ninety-five distinguishable genets were identified, revealing the presence of a reasonable amount of intra-genetic and morphological variability. A minimum spanning tree, depicting the complete genealogy of all identified genets, represented the 'Galega vulgar' intra-varietal diversity, with 94% of the trees showing only a two-allele difference from the most frequent genet (C001). Strong correlations between the number of differentiating alleles from C001, the clonal size, and their net divergence suggested an ancestral monoclonal origin of the 'Galega vulgar', with the most frequent genet identified as the most likely origin of all the genets and phenotypic diversification occurring through somatic mutations. Genetic erosion was detected through the loss of some allele combinations across time. This work highlights the need to recover the lost diversity in this traditional olive variety by including ancient private genets (associated with potential adaptation traits) in future breeding programs and investing in the protection of these valuable resources by safeguarding the defined region of origin and dispersion of 'Galega vulgar'. Furthermore, this approach proved useful on a highly diverse olive variety and thus applicable to other diverse varieties due either to their intermediate nature between different gene pools or to the presence of a mixture of cultivated and wild traits (as is the case of 'Galega vulgar').
“Galega vulgar”品种是西地中海和中地中海种质的混合体，具有栽培野生混合特征。“Galega vulgar”以其高度的质朴性和优质橄榄油而闻名，是对生物经济有重大影响的主要葡萄牙品种。然而，它已被产量更高、更适应集约化生产的外国品种所取代。为了阐明“Galega vulgar”国家遗产中的潜在祖先起源、遗传多样性演变以及现有的遗传关系，在通过内果皮测量进行品种验证后，使用14个SSR标记对595棵树进行了特征分析，这些树属于古老和百年树龄组，在十个传统生产地区进行了勘查。鉴定出了95个可区分的基因型，揭示了存在相当数量的遗传内和形态变异。描绘所有已鉴定基因型完整谱系的最小生成树代表了“Galega vulgar”品种内的多样性，94%的树与最常见的基因型（C001）仅显示两个等位基因差异。与C001的差异等位基因数量、克隆大小及其净分歧之间的强相关性表明“Galega vulgar”有一个祖先单克隆起源，最常见的基因型被确定为所有基因型最可能的起源，表型多样化是通过体细胞突变发生的。通过一些等位基因组合随时间的丧失检测到了遗传侵蚀。这项工作强调了通过在未来育种计划中纳入古老的私有基因型（与潜在适应性状相关）以及通过保护“Galega vulgar”的定义起源和传播区域来投资保护这些宝贵资源，以恢复这个传统橄榄品种中丧失的多样性的必要性。此外，这种方法在高度多样化的橄榄品种上被证明是有用的，因此由于其在不同基因库之间的中间性质或由于存在栽培和野生性状的混合（如“Galega vulgar”的情况）而适用于其他多样化品种。
