We investigated the effect of κ-carbide precipitates on the strain hardening behavior of aged Fe-Mn-Al-C alloys by microstructure analysis. The κ-carbides-strengthened Fe-Mn-Al-C alloys exhibited a superior strength-ductility balance enabled by the recovery of the strain hardening rate. To understand the relation between the κ-carbides and strain hardening recovery, dislocation gliding in the aged alloys during plastic deformation was analyzed through in situ tensile transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The in situ TEM results confirmed the particle shearing mechanism leads to planar dislocation gliding. During deformation of the 100 h-aged alloy, some gliding dislocations were strongly pinned by the large κ-carbide blocks and were prone to cross-slip, leading to the activation of multiple slip systems. The abrupt decline in the dislocation mean free path was attributed to the activation of multiple slip systems, resulting in the rapid saturation of the strain hardening recovery. It is concluded that the planar dislocation glide and sequential activation of slip systems are key to induce strain hardening recovery in polycrystalline metals. Thus, if a microstructure is designed such that dislocations glide in a planar manner, the strain hardening recovery could be utilized to obtain enhanced mechanical properties of the material.