Plant Breeding, Lantmännen Lantbruk, Svalöv, Sweden.
Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Quedlinburg, Germany.
Methods Mol Biol. 2021;2288:49-72. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1335-1_3.
Molecular markers are employed for doubled haploid (DH) technology by researchers and applied plant breeders in many crops. In the 1990s, isozymes and RFLPs were commonly used marker technologies to characterize DHs and were later replaced by PCR- based markers (e.g., RAPDs, AFLPs, ISSRs, SSRs) and today by SNPs. Markers are used for multiple purposes in DH production, that is, for the study of genes underlying haploid induction and confirming homozygous plants of gametophytic origin. Furthermore, they are tools for investigating segregation in DH populations and for mapping simple and complex traits using DHs. The deployment of DHs and markers for developing trait-linked markers are demonstrated with examples from rapeseed, wheat, and barley. Marker development for resistance to viruses derived from genetic resources and their use in, for example, pyramiding of resistance genes, are given as an example for the combination of DH-technology and marker development in research. Today, marker systems amenable to automation are frequently used in applied plant breeding. Practical examples are given from Lantmännen (LM) ( https://Lantmannen.com ) using large-scale genotyping for variety development based on SSRs and SNPs.
分子标记被研究人员和应用植物育种家用于许多作物的加倍单倍体 (DH) 技术。20 世纪 90 年代，同工酶和 RFLPs 是常用的标记技术，用于表征 DH，并随后被基于 PCR 的标记（如 RAPDs、AFLPs、ISSRs、SSR 等）和今天的 SNPs 所取代。标记在 DH 生产中有多种用途，即用于研究导致单倍体诱导的基因，并确认来自配子体的纯合植物。此外，它们是用于研究 DH 群体中的分离以及用于映射简单和复杂性状的工具。利用油菜、小麦和大麦的例子来说明 DH 和标记在开发性状相关标记中的应用。利用遗传资源衍生的病毒的抗性标记的开发及其在抗性基因的聚合中的应用，例如作为 DH 技术和标记开发相结合的一个例子，用于研究。如今，适用于自动化的标记系统在应用植物育种中经常使用。给出了 Lantmännen（LM）（https://Lantmannen.com）的实际例子，该公司使用基于 SSR 和 SNP 的大规模基因分型进行品种开发。
