Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, INSERM U1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), CHU Purpan, Place Du Docteur Baylac, CS 60039, 31024, Toulouse, Cedex 3, France; International Research Project (IRP), European Lab "NeuroMicrobiota", Brussels/Toulouse, France.
International Research Project (IRP), European Lab "NeuroMicrobiota", Brussels/Toulouse, France; UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, WELBIO Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Brussels, Belgium.
Neuropharmacology. 2021 Oct 1;197:108721. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108721. Epub 2021 Jul 15.
For the last 20 years, researchers have focused their intention on the impact of gut microbiota in healthy and pathological conditions. This year (2021), more than 25,000 articles can be retrieved from PubMed with the keywords "gut microbiota and physiology", showing the constant progress and impact of gut microbes in scientific life. As a result, numerous therapeutic perspectives have been proposed to modulate the gut microbiota composition and/or bioactive factors released from microbes to restore our body functions. Currently, the gut is considered a primary site for the development of pathologies that modify brain functions such as neurodegenerative (Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, etc.) and metabolic (type 2 diabetes, obesity, etc.) disorders. Deciphering the mode of interaction between microbiota and the brain is a real original option to prevent (and maybe treat in the future) the establishment of gut-brain pathologies. The objective of this review is to describe recent scientific elements that explore the communication between gut microbiota and the brain by focusing our interest on the enteric nervous system (ENS) as an intermediate partner. The ENS, which is known as the "second brain", could be under the direct or indirect influence of the gut microbiota and its released factors (short-chain fatty acids, neurotransmitters, gaseous factors, etc.). Thus, in addition to their actions on tissue (adipose tissue, liver, brain, etc.), microbes can have an impact on local ENS activity. This potential modification of ENS function has global repercussions in the whole body via the gut-brain axis and represents a new therapeutic strategy. This article is part of the special Issue on 'Cross Talk between Periphery and the Brain'.
在过去的 20 年中，研究人员一直专注于肠道微生物群在健康和病理条件下的影响。今年（2021 年），从 PubMed 上可以检索到超过 25000 篇带有“肠道微生物群和生理学”关键词的文章，这表明肠道微生物在科学研究中的不断进步和影响。因此，提出了许多治疗方法来调节肠道微生物群的组成和/或微生物释放的生物活性因子，以恢复我们的身体功能。目前，肠道被认为是导致改变大脑功能的疾病的主要部位，如神经退行性疾病（帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病等）和代谢性疾病（2 型糖尿病、肥胖症等）。阐明微生物群与大脑之间的相互作用模式是预防（也许将来可以治疗）肠道-大脑疾病的一种真正的选择。本综述的目的是描述最近探索肠道微生物群与大脑之间通讯的科学元素，重点关注作为中间伙伴的肠神经系统（ENS）。ENS 被称为“第二大脑”，可能受到肠道微生物群及其释放因子（短链脂肪酸、神经递质、气态因子等）的直接或间接影响。因此，除了对组织（脂肪组织、肝脏、大脑等）的作用外，微生物还可以对局部 ENS 活动产生影响。ENS 功能的这种潜在改变通过肠道-大脑轴对全身产生广泛影响，这代表了一种新的治疗策略。本文是“外周与大脑之间的串扰”特刊的一部分。
