Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland.
Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland.
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Sep 17;22(18):10028. doi: 10.3390/ijms221810028.
The gut microbiome has attracted increasing attention from researchers in recent years. The microbiota can have a specific and complex cross-talk with the host, particularly with the central nervous system (CNS), creating the so-called "gut-brain axis". Communication between the gut, intestinal microbiota, and the brain involves the secretion of various metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), structural components of bacteria, and signaling molecules. Moreover, an imbalance in the gut microbiota composition modulates the immune system and function of tissue barriers such as the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, the aim of this literature review is to describe how the gut-brain interplay may contribute to the development of various neurological disorders, combining the fields of gastroenterology and neuroscience. We present recent findings concerning the effect of the altered microbiota on neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, as well as multiple sclerosis. Moreover, the impact of the pathological shift in the microbiome on selected neuropsychological disorders, i.e., major depressive disorders (MDD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is also discussed. Future research on the effect of balanced gut microbiota composition on the gut-brain axis would help to identify new potential opportunities for therapeutic interventions in the presented diseases.
近年来，肠道微生物组吸引了越来越多研究人员的关注。微生物组可以与宿主（尤其是中枢神经系统 (CNS)）进行特定而复杂的相互作用，形成所谓的“肠-脑轴”。肠道、肠道微生物群和大脑之间的通讯涉及各种代谢物的分泌，如短链脂肪酸 (SCFAs)、细菌的结构成分和信号分子。此外，肠道微生物组组成的失衡会调节免疫系统和组织屏障（如血脑屏障 (BBB)）的功能。因此，本文献综述的目的是描述肠-脑相互作用如何有助于各种神经疾病的发展，将胃肠病学和神经科学领域结合起来。我们介绍了关于改变的微生物组对神经退行性变和神经炎症的影响的最新发现，包括阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病以及多发性硬化症。此外，还讨论了病理性微生物组变化对某些神经心理障碍（即重度抑郁症 (MDD) 和自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD)）的影响。关于平衡肠道微生物组组成对肠-脑轴的影响的未来研究将有助于确定治疗干预这些疾病的新潜在机会。
