Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
J Neuroendocrinol. 2019 May;31(5):e12684. doi: 10.1111/jne.12684. Epub 2019 Feb 1.
The gut microbiota has emerged as an environmental factor that modulates the development of the central nervous system (CNS) and the enteric nervous system (ENS). Before obtaining its own microbiota, eutherian foetuses are exposed to products and metabolites from the maternal microbiota. At birth, the infants are colonised by microorganisms. The microbial composition in early life is strongly influenced by the mode of delivery, the feeding method, the use of antibiotics and the maternal microbial composition. Microbial products and microbially produced metabolites act as signalling molecules that have direct or indirect effects on the CNS and the ENS. An increasing number of studies show that the gut microbiota can modulate important processes during development, including neurogenesis, myelination, glial cell function, synaptic pruning and blood-brain barrier permeability. Furthermore, numerous studies indicate that there is a developmental window early in life during which the gut microbial composition is crucial and perturbation of the gut microbiota during this period causes long-lasting effects on the development of the CNS and the ENS. However, other functions are readily modulated in adult animals, including microglia activation and neuroinflammation. Several neurobehavioural, neurodegenerative, mental and metabolic disorders, including Parkinson disease, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, depression and obesity, have been linked to the gut microbiota. This review focuses on the role of the microorganisms in the development and function of the CNS and the ENS, as well as their potential role in pathogenesis.
肠道微生物群已成为调节中枢神经系统 (CNS) 和肠神经系统 (ENS) 发育的环境因素。在获得自身微生物群之前，真兽类胎儿会接触到来自母体微生物群的产物和代谢物。出生时，婴儿会被微生物定植。生命早期的微生物组成受分娩方式、喂养方式、抗生素使用和母体微生物组成的强烈影响。微生物产物和微生物产生的代谢物作为信号分子，对 CNS 和 ENS 有直接或间接的影响。越来越多的研究表明，肠道微生物群可以调节发育过程中的重要过程，包括神经发生、髓鞘形成、神经胶质细胞功能、突触修剪和血脑屏障通透性。此外，许多研究表明，生命早期存在一个发育窗口期，在此期间肠道微生物群的组成至关重要，在此期间肠道微生物群的紊乱会对 CNS 和 ENS 的发育产生持久影响。然而，成年动物的其他功能很容易被调节，包括小胶质细胞激活和神经炎症。几种神经行为、神经退行性、精神和代谢疾病，包括帕金森病、自闭症谱系障碍、精神分裂症、阿尔茨海默病、抑郁症和肥胖症，都与肠道微生物群有关。这篇综述重点介绍了微生物在 CNS 和 ENS 的发育和功能中的作用，以及它们在发病机制中的潜在作用。
