The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; email:
Annu Rev Psychol. 2022 Jan 4;73:301-326. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-060321-033406. Epub 2021 Jul 19.
Although a great deal of effort in tasks, projects, and jobs is fueled by our interactions and relationships, psychologists have often overlooked the social forces that shape work motivation. In this review, we examine new developments in research on the interpersonal dynamics that enable and constrain proactivity, persistence, performance, and productivity. The first section examines the impact of competition on work motivation, including the roles of rivalries, favorite versus underdog expectations, and status strivings. The second section focuses on when and how prosocial motivation can drive people to work harder, smarter, safer, and more collaboratively, as well as on the antecedents and collective consequences of this desire to benefit others. The third section centers on motivation in collaborations, emphasizing contagion, social proximity, friendship, and the motivation to lead. Together, these literatures suggest that although rivalries and friendships are double-edged swords, the twin goals to compete and contribute can be harnessed constructively.
尽管我们的互动和关系推动了大量的任务、项目和工作，但心理学家常常忽视了影响工作动机的社会力量。在这篇综述中，我们考察了关于促进和限制主动性、坚持性、绩效和生产力的人际动态的新研究进展。第一部分考察了竞争对工作动机的影响，包括竞争、偏爱与劣势预期以及地位竞争的作用。第二部分重点关注亲社会动机如何促使人们更加努力、聪明、安全和更具合作性，以及这种帮助他人的愿望的前因和集体后果。第三部分关注合作中的动机，强调传染、社会接近、友谊和领导动机。这些文献表明，虽然竞争和友谊是一把双刃剑，但竞争和贡献的双重目标可以被建设性地利用。
