Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
Department of Environmental Science, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
Environ Res. 2021 Nov;202:111703. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111703. Epub 2021 Jul 17.
College students study and live at university for several years; however, the pollution levels, ecological health risks, and sources of heavy metals and metalloids (HMMs) in the dust found at university campuses are still unknown. In this study, dust samples from university campuses in Xi'an were collected and the Zn, Mn, As, Pb, V, Cr, Co, Cu, Ba, and Ni contents were measured using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The pollution levels and ecological health risks of these HMMs were evaluated using the geo-accumulation, pollution load, and potential ecological risk indices and a health risk assessment model while their sources were apportioned using positive matrix factorization. The mean HMM concentrations in the dust were higher than the corresponding background values in the topsoil of Shaanxi Province. The Mn, V, Co, As, and Ni concentrations in the dust samples analyzed were within the levels categorized as no pollution by the geo-accumulation index standard, whereas other HMMs caused pollution to different degrees. Assessment of the pollution load index indicated that the dust samples analyzed were moderate contamination with HMMs. Pb and Cu in the dust presented considerable and moderate ecological risks, respectively; the other HMMs presented low ecological risks. The combined ecological risk of the HMMs measured in the dust samples was considerable. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to male and female college students were within the safe levels. This study found three main sources of the HMMs measured in the dust: traffic, natural, and mixed sources (the latter including automobile repair industry waste and paints and pigments), which accounted for 47.5%, 29.3%, and 23.2% of the total HMM concentration, respectively.
大学生在大学学习和生活了数年；然而，大学校园灰尘中的污染水平、生态健康风险以及重金属和类金属（HMMs）的来源仍不清楚。在这项研究中，采集了来自西安大学校园的灰尘样本，并使用 X 射线荧光光谱法测量了 Zn、Mn、As、Pb、V、Cr、Co、Cu、Ba 和 Ni 的含量。使用地质累积指数、污染负荷和潜在生态风险指数以及健康风险评估模型评估了这些 HMMs 的污染水平和生态健康风险，并使用正定矩阵因子分析分配了它们的来源。灰尘中 HMM 的平均浓度高于陕西省表土的相应背景值。分析的灰尘样品中 Mn、V、Co、As 和 Ni 的浓度符合地质累积指数标准的无污染水平，而其他 HMM 则造成了不同程度的污染。污染负荷指数评估表明，分析的灰尘样品中 HMM 中度污染。灰尘中的 Pb 和 Cu 分别呈现出相当大的和中度的生态风险，而其他 HMM 则呈现出低生态风险。测量的灰尘样品中 HMM 的综合生态风险相当大。男女大学生的非致癌和致癌风险均处于安全水平。本研究发现灰尘中测量的 HMMs 有三个主要来源：交通、自然和混合来源（后者包括汽车修理业废物和油漆和颜料），分别占总 HMM 浓度的 47.5%、29.3%和 23.2%。
