University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Immunobiology, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
University of Gießen, Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Gießen, Germany.
Brain Behav Immun. 2021 Oct;97:303-318. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.010. Epub 2021 Jul 21.
Exercise training has a profound impact on immunity, exerting a multitude of positive effects in indications such as immunosenescence, cancer, viral infections and inflammatory diseases. The immune, endocrine and central nervous systems work in a highly synergistic manner and it has become apparent that catecholamine signaling through leukocyte β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) is a key mechanism by which exercise mediates improvements in immune function to help mitigate numerous disease conditions. Central to this is the preferential mobilization and redistribution of effector lymphocytes with potent anti-viral and anti-tumor activity, their interaction with muscle-derived cytokines, and the effects of catecholamine signaling on mitochondrial biogenesis, immunometabolism and the resulting inflammatory response. Here, we review the impact of acute and chronic exercise on adrenergic regulation of immunity in the context of aging, cancer, viral infections and inflammatory disease. We also put forth our contention that exercise interventions designed to improve immunity, prevent disease and reduce inflammation should consider the catecholamine-AR signaling axis as a therapeutic target and ask whether or not the adrenergic signaling machinery can be 'trained' to improve immune responses to stress, disease or during the normal physiological process of aging. Finally, we discuss potential strategies to augment leukocyte catecholamine signaling to boost the effects of exercise on immunity in individuals with desensitized β-ARs or limited exercise tolerance.
运动训练对免疫有深远影响，在免疫衰老、癌症、病毒感染和炎症性疾病等方面产生多种积极效果。免疫系统、内分泌系统和中枢神经系统高度协同作用，现在很明显，通过白细胞β-肾上腺素能受体 (β-AR) 的儿茶酚胺信号是运动介导免疫功能改善的关键机制，有助于减轻许多疾病状况。其中的核心是效应淋巴细胞的优先动员和重新分布，具有强大的抗病毒和抗肿瘤活性，它们与肌肉来源的细胞因子相互作用，以及儿茶酚胺信号对线粒体生物发生、免疫代谢和由此产生的炎症反应的影响。在这里，我们回顾了急性和慢性运动对衰老、癌症、病毒感染和炎症性疾病背景下免疫的肾上腺素能调节的影响。我们还提出了这样的观点，即旨在改善免疫、预防疾病和减轻炎症的运动干预措施应将儿茶酚胺-AR 信号轴视为治疗靶点，并询问肾上腺素能信号机制是否可以“训练”以改善对压力、疾病或衰老的正常生理过程的免疫反应。最后，我们讨论了增强白细胞儿茶酚胺信号的潜在策略，以增强对具有β-AR 脱敏或有限运动耐受力的个体的运动对免疫的影响。
