Sport Science Program (SSP), College of Arts and Sciences (QU-CAS), University of Qatar, Doha, Qatar.
Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Mannouba, Tunisia.
Front Immunol. 2018 Oct 10;9:2187. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02187. eCollection 2018.
Immunosenescence is characterized by deterioration of the immune system caused by aging which induces changes to innate and adaptive immunity. Immunosenescence affects function and phenotype of immune cells, such as expression and function of receptors for immune cells which contributes to loss of immune function (chemotaxis, intracellular killing). Moreover, these alterations decrease the response to pathogens, which leads to several age-related diseases including cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetes in older individuals. Furthermore, increased risk of autoimmune disease and chronic infection is increased with an aging immune system, which is characterized by a pro-inflammatory environment, ultimately leading to accelerated biological aging. During the last century, sedentarism rose dramatically, with a concomitant increase in certain type of cancers (such as breast cancer, colon, or prostate cancer), and autoimmune disease. Numerous studies on physical activity and immunity, with focus on special populations (i.e., people with diabetes, HIV patients) demonstrate that chronic exercise enhances immunity. However, the majority of previous work has focused on either a pathological population or healthy young adults whilst research in elderly populations is scarce. Research conducted to date has primarily focused on aerobic and resistance exercise training and its effect on immunity. This review focuses on the potential for exercise training to affect the aging immune system. The concept is that some lifestyle strategies such as high-intensity exercise training may prevent disease through the attenuation of immunosenescence. In this context, we take a top-down approach and review the effect of exercise and training on immunological parameters in elderly at rest and during exercise in humans, and how they respond to different modes of training. We highlight the impact of these different exercise modes on immunological parameters, such as cytokine and lymphocyte concentration in elderly individuals.
免疫衰老的特征是免疫系统因衰老而恶化，从而导致先天和适应性免疫发生变化。免疫衰老会影响免疫细胞的功能和表型，例如免疫细胞受体的表达和功能，这导致免疫功能丧失（趋化性、细胞内杀伤）。此外，这些改变会降低对病原体的反应，从而导致几种与年龄相关的疾病，包括心血管疾病、阿尔茨海默病和老年人的糖尿病。此外，衰老的免疫系统会增加自身免疫性疾病和慢性感染的风险，其特征是炎症环境增加，最终导致生物衰老加速。在上个世纪，久坐不动的生活方式急剧增加，同时某些类型的癌症（如乳腺癌、结肠癌或前列腺癌）和自身免疫性疾病的发病率也有所增加。许多关于体力活动和免疫的研究，重点关注特殊人群（即患有糖尿病、HIV 患者的人群），表明慢性运动可以增强免疫力。然而，大多数以前的研究都集中在病理人群或健康的年轻人身上，而对老年人群的研究则很少。迄今为止的研究主要集中在有氧运动和抗阻运动训练及其对免疫的影响上。本综述重点讨论了运动训练对衰老免疫系统的潜在影响。这一概念是，一些生活方式策略，如高强度运动训练，可能通过减轻免疫衰老来预防疾病。在这种情况下，我们采用自上而下的方法，综述了运动和训练对静息和运动状态下老年人免疫参数的影响，以及它们对不同运动模式的反应。我们强调了这些不同运动模式对老年人免疫参数的影响，如细胞因子和淋巴细胞浓度。
