Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park.
Food Surveys Research Group, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
J Acad Nutr Diet. 2022 Jan;122(1):64-77. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.06.012. Epub 2021 Jul 21.
Sodium, potassium, and the balance between these 2 nutrients are associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease, and prevalence of these conditions increases with age. However, limited information is available on these intakes among older adults.
Our aim was to explore the socioeconomic and health factors associated with usual sodium and potassium intakes and the sodium to potassium (Na:K) ratio of older adults.
This was a cross-sectional, secondary analysis of the 2011-2012, 2013-2014, and 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: This study included the data of 5,104 adults 50 years and older, with at least one reliable 24-hour dietary recall and an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m.
Sodium and potassium intake, as absolute intake, density (per 1,000 kcal) and ratio of Na:K intake.
We used t tests and χ tests to examine significant differences in intakes on a given day by characteristics. Linear and logistic regression models were used to assess associations of socioeconomic and health characteristics with usual sodium and potassium intakes, determined using the National Cancer Institute method.
Only 26.2% of participants consumed <2,300 mg sodium (16.2% of men and 35.2% of women) and 36.0% of men and 38.1% of women consumed at least 3,400 mg and 2,600 mg of potassium, respectively. Fewer than one-third of participants consumed a Na:K ratio of <1.0. Women, those with lower blood pressure, and those with a lower body mass index were more likely to have a ratio <1.0.
Participants consumed too much sodium and not enough potassium, based on current recommendations. A higher Na:K ratio was significantly associated with established risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The study findings suggest that more research on cardiovascular health should include both sodium and potassium, as well as balance between these nutrients.
钠、钾以及这两种营养素的平衡与高血压和心血管疾病有关，这些疾病的患病率随着年龄的增长而增加。然而，关于老年人这些营养素摄入量的信息有限。
我们旨在探讨与老年人常用钠和钾摄入量以及钠钾（Na:K）比值相关的社会经济和健康因素。
这是一项对 2011-2012 年、2013-2014 年和 2015-2016 年全国健康与营养调查的横断面、二次分析。
参与者/设置：本研究纳入了至少有一次可靠的 24 小时膳食回忆和估计肾小球滤过率≥60 mL/min/1.73 m 的 5104 名 50 岁及以上成年人的数据。
钠和钾的摄入量，包括绝对摄入量、密度（每 1000 千卡）和 Na:K 摄入量的比值。
我们使用 t 检验和 χ 检验来检查不同特征人群在某一天的摄入量的显著差异。线性和逻辑回归模型用于评估社会经济和健康特征与常用钠和钾摄入量的关联，采用美国国家癌症研究所的方法确定。
只有 26.2%的参与者钠摄入量<2300 mg（16.2%的男性和 35.2%的女性），36.0%的男性和 38.1%的女性钾摄入量分别至少为 3400 mg 和 2600 mg。不到三分之一的参与者的 Na:K 比值<1.0。女性、血压较低者和身体质量指数较低者更有可能比值<1.0。
根据目前的建议，参与者摄入的钠过多，钾摄入不足。更高的 Na:K 比值与心血管疾病的既定危险因素显著相关。研究结果表明，更多关于心血管健康的研究应该同时包括钠和钾以及这些营养素之间的平衡。
