Department of Psychotherapy and Diagnostics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
Psychopathology. 2021;54(5):232-241. doi: 10.1159/000517447. Epub 2021 Jul 28.
Embitterment can occur as a reaction to perceived injustice. During the pandemic and restrictions in daily living due to infection risk management, a range of many smaller or severe injustices have occurred.
The aim of this study is to investigate what characterizes persons with high embitterment, mental illness, embitterment and mental illness, and those without embitterment or mental health problems.
We conducted an online survey including persons from the general population in November 2020 and December 2020, the phase during which a second lockdown took place, with closed shops, restaurants, cultural and activity sites. 3,208 participants (mean age 47 years) gave self-ratings on their present well-being, burdens experienced during the pandemic, embitterment, wisdom, and resilience.
Embitterment occurred among 16% of the sample, which is a high rate in comparison with 4% during pre-pandemic times. Embitterment was weakly correlated with unspecific mental well-being. There were more persons with embitterment than those with embitterment and a mental health problem. Persons with embitterment reported less coronavirus-related anxiety than persons without embitterment. However, embittered persons reported more social and economic burdens and more frequent experiences of losses (job loss and canceling of medical treatments). Embittered persons perceive their own wisdom competencies on a similar level as persons with mental health problems or persons without mental health problems.
Embitterment is a specific potentially alone-standing affective state, which is distinguishable from general mental health and coping capacities (here: wisdom). The economic and social consequences of pandemic management should be carefully recognized and prevented by policy.
痛苦可能是对感知到的不公正的反应。在大流行期间以及由于感染风险管理而限制日常生活期间，发生了一系列大大小小的不公正事件。
本研究的目的是调查具有高度痛苦、精神疾病、痛苦和精神疾病以及没有痛苦或心理健康问题的人的特征。
我们于 2020 年 11 月至 12 月进行了一项在线调查，调查对象是来自普通人群的人，当时正处于第二次封锁阶段，商店、餐馆、文化和活动场所都关闭了。3208 名参与者（平均年龄 47 岁）对自己目前的幸福感、大流行期间经历的负担、痛苦、智慧和适应力进行了自我评估。
样本中有 16%的人感到痛苦，这一比例与大流行前的 4%相比很高。痛苦与非特异性心理健康有微弱的相关性。感到痛苦的人比感到痛苦和有心理健康问题的人多。感到痛苦的人报告说，与冠状病毒相关的焦虑比没有感到痛苦的人少。然而，痛苦的人报告了更多的社会和经济负担，以及更多的损失经历（失业和取消医疗）。痛苦的人对自己的智慧能力的评价与有心理健康问题或没有心理健康问题的人相似。
痛苦是一种特定的、可能独立存在的情感状态，与一般心理健康和应对能力（此处为智慧）不同。大流行管理的经济和社会后果应通过政策加以认真认识和预防。
