Bioaccumulation of current-use herbicides in fish from a global biodiversity hotspot: Lake St Lucia, South Africa.

Agricultural pesticides threaten aquatic systems and biodiversity at a global scale, but limited information is available on the accumulation of current-use herbicides in tissues of aquatic organisms. Here, we examine the potential exposure and accumulation of currently used herbicides in two species of fish from Lake St Lucia, a global biodiversity hotspot located in South Africa. Muscle tissue samples were analysed for 11 widely used multi-residue and phenoxy-acid herbicides. Herbicide residues were detected in all samples analysed, with total concentrations ranging from 44.3 to 238 ng g (Clarias gariepinus) and 72.2-291 ng g dw (Oreochromis mossambicus). The most prominent herbicides detected included the two phenoxy-acid herbicides, MCPA (17.6 ± 12 ng g) and 2,4-D (28.9 ± 16 ng g), along with acetochlor (15.4 ± 5.8 ng g), atrazine (12.7 ± 7.1 ng g) and terbuthylazine (12.4 ± 12 ng g). Results indicate that fish at Lake St Lucia accumulate a complex mixture of herbicides, some previously unreported in tissue, highlighting the potential threat that agricultural runoff may pose to conservation areas. However, assessing the impact of herbicide accumulation on wild fish populations is difficult at present and urgent toxicological data are needed to better understand chronic exposure effects on aquatic organisms. A preliminary human health risk assessment indicated minimal risk associated with the consumption of local fish, but potential additive and synergistic effects of contaminant mixtures remain unknown.