Sumińska Sylwia
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy / The Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
Med Pr. 2021 Aug 31;72(4):437-450. doi: 10.13075/mp.5893.01103. Epub 2021 Jul 23.
In recent decades we have observed a progressive aging of the society. A growing number of elderly people is associated with an increase in the percentage of people whose cognitive functions are decreasing. It is important to counteract this process and develop lifestyle recommendations that will allow to delay the process of cognitive decline. Regular physical activity has a beneficial effect on health and cognitive performance, especially on executive functions. Data shows the positive impact of physical exercise, both aerobic and resistance training, and their combination, on cognitive performance. Potential biological mechanisms that may underlie the effectiveness of physical exercise include increased blood flow through the brain, changes in the release of neurotransmitters, and the process of neurogenesis. The aim of the article is to analyze the recent research taking into account the relationship between physical activity and cognitive skills. The research published in 2015-2020 was analyzed. The review concerns the effect of physical activity, not a combination of cognitive training and physical exercise, on cognitive skills in a group of healthy adults and the elderly. Studies that defined physical activity as sports, as well as increasing daily activity to reduce a sedentary lifestyle, were analyzed. The analysis of the available data indicates that researchers report positive effects of increasing physical activity on cognitive performance, mainly executive functions (e.g., working memory), but also attention and memory. Only a few studies have not reported any significant differences. However, the analysis of the research shows the lack of uniform methods of measuring the intensity of physical activity, as well as efficiency of cognitive functions. More research is needed to examine the long-term effects. Another study should be conducted to present the most effective intervention techniques and prepare recommendations for maintaining preserved cognitive functions. Further research should be conducted to control variables that affect the acquisition of cognitive skills and cognitive effectiveness during the intervention. Med Pr. 2021;72(4):437-50.
近几十年来，我们观察到社会在逐渐老龄化。老年人数量的增加与认知功能下降人群比例的上升相关。对抗这一过程并制定有助于延缓认知衰退进程的生活方式建议非常重要。规律的体育活动对健康和认知表现有有益影响，尤其是对执行功能。数据显示，有氧运动、抗阻训练及其组合形式的体育锻炼对认知表现均有积极影响。体育锻炼有效性背后潜在的生物学机制包括大脑血流量增加、神经递质释放的变化以及神经发生过程。本文的目的是分析近期关于体育活动与认知技能之间关系的研究。分析了2015年至2020年发表的研究。该综述关注的是体育活动而非认知训练与体育锻炼的结合对一组健康成年人和老年人认知技能的影响。分析了将体育活动定义为运动以及增加日常活动以减少久坐生活方式的研究。对现有数据的分析表明，研究人员报告称增加体育活动对认知表现有积极影响，主要是对执行功能（如工作记忆），但也包括注意力和记忆力。只有少数研究未报告任何显著差异。然而，对研究的分析表明，在测量体育活动强度以及认知功能效率方面缺乏统一方法。需要更多研究来检验长期影响。应开展另一项研究以呈现最有效的干预技术，并为维持保留的认知功能制定建议。应进一步开展研究以控制干预期间影响认知技能习得和认知效果的变量。《医学实践》2021年；72(4):437 - 50。
