Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran.
Exp Cell Res. 2021 Sep 15;406(2):112757. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112757. Epub 2021 Jul 28.
Esophageal cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide with a diverse geographical distribution, poor prognosis, and diagnosis in advanced stages of the disease. Identification of the mechanisms involved in esophageal cancer development is evaluative to improve outcomes for patients. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of cancer provide the physiologic, molecular, and histologic features of the human tumors to determine the pathogenesis and treatments for cancer, hence exhibiting a source of tremendous potential for oncology research. The advancement of cancer modeling in mice has improved to the extent that researchers can observe and manipulate the disease process in a specific manner. Despite the significant differences between mice and humans, mice can be great models for human oncology researches due to similarities between them at the molecular and physiological levels. Due to most of the existing esophageal cancer GEMMs do not propose an ideal system for pathogenesis of the disease, genetic risks, and microenvironment exposure, so identification of challenges in GEM modeling and well-developed technologies are required to obtain the most value for patients. In this review, we describe the biology of human and mouse, followed by the exciting esophageal cancer mouse models with a discussion of applicability and challenges of these models for generating new GEMMs in future studies.
食管癌是全球癌症相关死亡的最常见原因，具有不同的地理分布、预后不良和疾病晚期诊断的特点。识别食管癌发生发展中涉及的机制对于改善患者的预后具有重要意义。癌症的基因工程小鼠模型（GEMM）提供了人类肿瘤的生理、分子和组织学特征，以确定癌症的发病机制和治疗方法，因此为肿瘤学研究提供了巨大的潜力来源。癌症在小鼠中的建模进展已经取得了很大的进步，研究人员可以以特定的方式观察和操纵疾病过程。尽管小鼠和人类之间存在显著差异，但由于它们在分子和生理水平上存在相似性，小鼠可以成为人类肿瘤学研究的优秀模型。由于现有的大多数食管癌 GEMM 并未提出用于疾病发病机制、遗传风险和微环境暴露的理想系统，因此需要确定 GEM 建模中的挑战和先进的技术，以最大限度地为患者带来价值。在这篇综述中，我们描述了人类和小鼠的生物学特性，随后介绍了令人兴奋的食管癌小鼠模型，并讨论了这些模型在未来研究中生成新的 GEMM 的适用性和挑战。
