Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Division of Oncology, Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2023 Sep;189:104068. doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104068. Epub 2023 Jul 18.
Preclinical models are extensively employed in cancer research because they can be manipulated in terms of their environment, genome, molecular biology, organ systems, and physical activity to mimic human behavior and conditions. The progress made in in vivo cancer research has resulted in significant advancements, enabling the creation of spontaneous, metastatic, and humanized mouse models. Most recently, the remarkable and extensive developments in genetic engineering, particularly the utilization of CRISPR/Cas9, transposable elements, epigenome modifications, and liquid biopsies, have further facilitated the design and development of numerous mouse models for studying cancer. In this review, we have elucidated the production and usage of current mouse models, such as xenografts, chemical-induced models, and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), for studying esophageal cancer. Additionally, we have briefly discussed various gene-editing tools that could potentially be employed in the future to create mouse models specifically for esophageal cancer research.
临床前模型在癌症研究中被广泛应用，因为它们可以在环境、基因组、分子生物学、器官系统和身体活动方面进行操纵，以模拟人类的行为和状况。在体内癌症研究方面取得的进展带来了显著的进步，使得自发性、转移性和人源化小鼠模型的创建成为可能。最近，基因工程的显著而广泛的发展，特别是 CRISPR/Cas9、转座元件、表观基因组修饰和液体活检的应用，进一步促进了许多用于研究癌症的小鼠模型的设计和开发。在这篇综述中，我们阐述了当前用于研究食管癌的小鼠模型的生产和应用，如异种移植、化学诱导模型和基因工程小鼠模型（GEMMs）。此外，我们还简要讨论了未来可能用于专门为食管癌研究创建小鼠模型的各种基因编辑工具。
