The Emotional Effects of Gain-Loss Frames in Persuasive Messages about Sun Protection on Health Promotional Outcomes: Evidence from an Experimental Study.

Although the importance of emotions for the effects of gain-loss framed messages has been supported, the emotional effects of mixed frames have not been sufficiently investigated. To fill this gap, this experimental study exposed participants ( = 154) to single gain- or loss-framed vs. mixed frame messages about sun-protection outcomes. Integrating the idea of mixed frames with the concept of emotional flow, data were analyzed using a serial mediation model with emotional experience (as indexed by valence and arousal) and intention as factors mediating the effect of shifts on actual behavior, measured two weeks after message exposure. Results demonstrate that mixed messages and their impact on emotional experiences are not generally more effective than pure gain or pure loss messages. However, the application of mixed frame or purely loss-framed messages offers a higher potential to increase behavioral health intentions (resulting in respective behaviors) than messages simply focusing on gain frames.