Chazal Nathalie
Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
Front Microbiol. 2021 Jul 14;12:682603. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682603. eCollection 2021.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that emerged in late 2019, is the etiologic agent of the current "coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19) pandemic, which has serious health implications and a significant global economic impact. Of the seven human coronaviruses, all of which have a zoonotic origin, the pandemic SARS-CoV-2, is the third emerging coronavirus, in the 21st century, highly pathogenic to the human population. Previous human coronavirus outbreaks (SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV) have already provided several valuable information on some of the common molecular and cellular mechanisms of coronavirus infections as well as their origin. However, to meet the new challenge caused by the SARS-CoV-2, a detailed understanding of the biological specificities, as well as knowledge of the origin are crucial to provide information on viral pathogenicity, transmission and epidemiology, and to enable strategies for therapeutic interventions and drug discovery. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the current advances in SARS-CoV-2 knowledges, in light of pre-existing information of other recently emerging coronaviruses. We depict the specificity of the immune response of wild bats and discuss current knowledge of the genetic diversity of bat-hosted coronaviruses that promotes viral genome expansion (accessory gene acquisition). In addition, we describe the basic virology of coronaviruses with a special focus SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we highlight, in detail, the current knowledge of genes and accessory proteins which we postulate to be the major keys to promote virus adaptation to specific hosts (bat and human), to contribute to the suppression of immune responses, as well as to pathogenicity.
严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）于2019年末出现，是当前“2019冠状病毒病”（COVID-19）大流行的病原体，该大流行对健康有严重影响，并对全球经济产生重大影响。在七种均源自动物的人类冠状病毒中，大流行的SARS-CoV-2是21世纪出现的第三种对人类具有高致病性的冠状病毒。先前的人类冠状病毒爆发（SARS-CoV-1和MERS-CoV）已经提供了一些关于冠状病毒感染的一些常见分子和细胞机制及其起源的宝贵信息。然而，为了应对SARS-CoV-2带来的新挑战，详细了解其生物学特性以及起源知识对于提供有关病毒致病性、传播和流行病学的信息，并制定治疗干预和药物发现策略至关重要。因此，在本综述中，我们根据其他最近出现的冠状病毒的现有信息，总结了SARS-CoV-2知识的当前进展。我们描述了野生蝙蝠免疫反应的特异性，并讨论了促进病毒基因组扩展（获得辅助基因）的蝙蝠宿主冠状病毒遗传多样性的当前知识。此外，我们描述了冠状病毒的基本病毒学，特别关注SARS-CoV-2。最后，我们详细强调了目前对基因和辅助蛋白的了解，我们推测这些是促进病毒适应特定宿主（蝙蝠和人类）、抑制免疫反应以及致病性的主要关键因素。
