Caspase-3-dependent peritubular capillary dysfunction is pivotal for the transition from acute to chronic kidney disease after acute ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major risk factor for chronic renal failure. Caspase-3, an effector responsible for apoptosis execution, is activated within the peritubular capillary (PTC) in the early stage of IRI-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Recently, we showed that caspase-3-dependent microvascular rarefaction plays a key role in fibrosis development after mild renal IRI. Here, we further characterized the role of caspase-3 in microvascular dysfunction and progressive renal failure in both mild and severe AKI, by performing unilateral renal artery clamping for 30/60 min with contralateral nephrectomy in wild-type (C57BL/6) or caspase-3 mice. In both forms of AKI, caspase-3 mice showed better long-term outcomes despite worse initial tubular injury. After 3 wk, they showed reduced PTC injury, decreased PTC collagen deposition and α-smooth muscle actin expression, and lower tubular injury scores compared with wild-type animals. Caspase-3 mice with severe IRI also showed better preservation of long-term renal function. Intravital imaging and microcomputed tomography revealed preserved PTC permeability and better terminal capillary density in caspase-3 mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate the pivotal importance of caspase-3 in regulating long-term renal function after IRI and establish the predominant role of PTC dysfunction as a major contributor to progressive renal dysfunction. Our findings demonstrate the pivotal importance of caspase-3 in regulating renal microvascular dysfunction, fibrogenesis, and long-term renal impairment after acute kidney injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury. Furthermore, this study establishes the predominant role of peritubular capillary integrity as a major contributor to progressive renal dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion injury.