Bergapten: A review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity.

Bergapten is a natural furocoumarin, also known as 5-methoxypsoralen, and its medicinal value has been paid more and more attention. By sorting out the pharmacological literature of bergapten, we found that bergapten has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including neuroprotection, organ protection, anticancer, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and antidiabetes effects. However，bergapten has complex impacts on the hepatic metabolic enzyme. Moreover, pharmacokinetic studies showed that bergapten has higher absolute bioavailability and can cross the blood-brain barrier and has a great potential for treating brain disease, but the mechanism needs further clarification to make greater use of its ability to treat brain diseases. Furthermore, the phototoxicity of bergapten combined with ultraviolet light has always been mentioned. In view of its wide range of pharmacological activities, bergapten is expected to be a potential drug candidate for the treatment of diabetes and diabetes-induced osteoporosis, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and cancer. However, further studies are needed to elucidate its molecular mechanisms and targets. The phototoxicity of bergapten as a side effect should be further avoided. On the other hand, the photoactivation of bergapten in the anticancer aspect can be better utilized.