University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Hum Factors. 2023 Jun;65(4):663. doi: 10.1177/00187208211026133. Epub 2021 Aug 4.
To understand the influence of driving experience and distraction on drivers' anticipation of upcoming traffic events in automated vehicles.
In nonautomated vehicles, experienced drivers spend more time looking at cues that indicate upcoming traffic events compared with novices, and distracted drivers spend less time looking at these cues compared with nondistracted drivers. Further, pre-event actions (i.e., proactive control actions prior to traffic events) are more prevalent among experienced drivers and nondistracted drivers. However, there is a research gap on the combined effects of experience and distraction on driver anticipation in automated vehicles.
A simulator experiment was conducted with 16 experienced and 16 novice drivers in a vehicle equipped with adaptive cruise control and lane-keeping assist systems (resulting in SAE Level 2 driving automation). Half of the participants in each experience group were provided with a self-paced primarily visual-manual secondary task.
Drivers with the task spent less time looking at cues and were less likely to perform anticipatory driving behaviors (i.e., pre-event actions or preparation for pre-event actions such as hovering fingers over the automation disengage button). Experienced drivers exhibited more anticipatory driving behaviors, but their attention toward the cues was similar to novices for both task conditions.
In line with nonautomated vehicle research, in automated vehicles, secondary task engagement impedes anticipation while driving experience facilitates anticipation.
Though Level 2 automation can relieve drivers of manually controlling the vehicle and allow engagement in distractions, visual-manual distraction engagement can impede anticipatory driving and should be restricted.
了解驾驶经验和分神对自动驾驶汽车驾驶员对即将发生的交通事件的预期的影响。
在非自动驾驶车辆中，经验丰富的驾驶员比新手驾驶员花费更多的时间观察预示即将发生的交通事件的线索，而分神的驾驶员比不分神的驾驶员观察这些线索的时间更少。此外，预事件动作（即在交通事件发生前的主动控制动作）在经验丰富的驾驶员和不分神的驾驶员中更为普遍。然而，在自动驾驶汽车中，经验和分神对驾驶员预期的综合影响方面存在研究空白。
在配备自适应巡航控制和车道保持辅助系统（导致 SAE 级别 2 驾驶自动化）的车辆中，对 16 名经验丰富的驾驶员和 16 名新手驾驶员进行了模拟器实验。在每个经验组中，一半的参与者被分配了一个自我调节的主要视觉-手动次要任务。
有任务的驾驶员观察线索的时间较少，不太可能进行预期的驾驶行为（即，预事件动作或为预事件动作做准备，例如将手指悬停在自动驾驶解除按钮上）。经验丰富的驾驶员表现出更多的预期驾驶行为，但他们在两种任务条件下对线索的注意力与新手驾驶员相似。
与非自动驾驶车辆研究一致，在自动驾驶车辆中，次要任务参与会阻碍驾驶，而驾驶经验则会促进预期。
尽管 2 级自动化可以减轻驾驶员手动控制车辆的负担，并允许驾驶员参与分心，但视觉-手动分心参与可能会阻碍预期驾驶，因此应加以限制。
