Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
J Intern Med. 2022 Jan;291(1):32-50. doi: 10.1111/joim.13372. Epub 2021 Aug 5.
Adaptive immune responses play critical roles in viral clearance and protection against re-infection, and SARS-CoV-2 is no exception. What is exceptional is the rapid characterization of the immune response to the virus performed by researchers during the first 20 months of the pandemic. This has given us a more detailed understanding of SARS-CoV-2 compared to many viruses that have been with us for a long time. Furthermore, effective COVID-19 vaccines were developed in record time, and their rollout worldwide is already making a significant difference, although major challenges remain in terms of equal access. The pandemic has engaged scientists and the public alike, and terms such as seroprevalence, neutralizing antibodies, antibody escape and vaccine certificates have become familiar to a broad community. Here, we review key findings concerning B cell and antibody (Ab) responses to SARS-CoV-2, focusing on non-severe cases and anti-spike (S) Ab responses in particular, the latter being central to protective immunity induced by infection or vaccination. The emergence of viral variants that have acquired mutations in S acutely highlights the need for continued characterization of both emerging variants and Ab responses against these during the evolving pathogen-immune system arms race.
适应性免疫反应在清除病毒和防止再次感染方面起着至关重要的作用，SARS-CoV-2 也不例外。不同寻常的是，在大流行的头 20 个月里，研究人员迅速描述了针对该病毒的免疫反应。这使我们对 SARS-CoV-2 的了解比许多长期存在的病毒更加详细。此外，新冠疫苗在创纪录的时间内研发成功，并在全球范围内推广，尽管在平等获取方面仍然存在重大挑战。这场大流行使科学家和公众都参与其中，血清阳性率、中和抗体、抗体逃逸和疫苗证书等术语已经为广大社区所熟悉。在这里，我们回顾了与 SARS-CoV-2 的 B 细胞和抗体（Ab）反应有关的关键发现，特别关注非严重病例和针对刺突（S）Ab 的反应，后者是感染或接种疫苗诱导的保护性免疫的核心。病毒变异株获得 S 区突变的出现，突出表明需要在不断演变的病原体-免疫系统军备竞赛中，持续对新出现的变异株以及针对这些变异株的 Ab 反应进行特征描述。
